Balancing California's Grid Without Batteries
Balancing California's Grid Without Batteries
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在没有电池的情况下平衡加州电网
DOI：
10.1109/cdc.2018.8618975
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sean P. Meyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Neil Cammardella;J. Mathias;Matthew Kiener;A. Bušić;Sean P. Meyn
需求调度是指从灵活的负载中获得网格服务的分布式控制技术的集合。精心设计的控制体系结构可以使一组负载聚合为一个大型虚拟存储设备。可以用最少的通信提供网格级辅助服务，同时保证对消费者的服务质量。这项工作在几个方向上扩展了以前的工作：·针对恒温控制负载(TCL)的特殊情况，提出了一个自然的能量容量概念。结果表明，这个量与热能容量密切相关，热能容量是以前工作中提出的“泄漏电池模型”的一个组成部分。·分布式控制环境下的模拟实验表明，这些能量限制和伴随的功率容量限制是在线容量的可靠指标，即使对于不同类型的负载也是如此。·针对大量非均匀负荷，提出了一种前馈/反馈控制方案。在局部水平上，控制回路被用来从给定类别的同质负载中的每个负载创建协作响应。这简化了基于两条信息的聚合控制：每类负载的聚合功耗和作为漏电电池模型一部分的充电代理状态。这种信息是在较慢的时间尺度上(例如，5分钟采样)需要的。·这篇论文的结论是经济影响。特别是，鉴于可调度负荷是虚拟存储的一种形式，而不是虚拟发电，使用实时或使用时间定价存在问题也就不足为奇了。
Demand dispatch refers to a collection of distributed control techniques to obtain grid services from flexible loads. A carefully designed control architecture can enable a collection of loads to behave in aggregate as a large virtual storage device. Grid-level ancillary services can be provided with minimal communication, while guaranteeing quality of service to the consumer. This work expands on prior work in several directions: • A natural notion of energy capacity is proposed for the special case of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). It is shown that this quantity is closely approximated by thermal energy capacity, which is a component of the “leaky battery model” introduced in prior work. • Simulation experiments in a distributed control setting show that these energy limits, and accompanying power capacity limits, are reliable indicators of online capacity, even for a heterogeneous population of loads. • A feedforward/feedback control scheme is proposed for a large collection of heterogeneous loads. At the local level, control loops are used to create cooperative responses from each load in a given class of homogeneous loads. This simplifies control of the aggregate based on two pieces of information: aggregate power consumption from each class of loads and the state of charge surrogate that is a part of the leaky battery model. This information is required at a slow time-scale (say, 5 minute sampling). • The paper concludes with economic implications. In particular, given that dispatchable loads are a form of virtual storage and not virtual generation, it is not surprising that the use of real time or time-of-use pricing has been problematic.