Parental imprisonment: effects on boys' antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life-course
Parental imprisonment: effects on boys' antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life-course
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01433.x
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发表时间：
2005-12-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Farrington, DP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Murray, J;Farrington, DP
背景：囚犯子女在其父母被监禁期间似乎遭受严重的心理社会困难。然而，以前没有任何研究对囚犯子女与因其他原因与父母分离的儿童的晚年生活结果进行过比较。我们假设，父母的监禁预测男孩的反社会和犯罪行为，部分是因为创伤的分离，部分是因为父母的监禁是一个标记为父母的犯罪行为，部分是因为儿童的风险与父母injurement.Method：本研究采用前瞻性纵向数据的剑桥研究在犯罪发展（CSDD）。CSDD包括411名内伦敦男性及其父母的数据。我们比较了男孩分离的父母监禁在他们的第一个10年的生活与四个对照组：男孩谁没有经历分离，男孩分离的医院或死亡，男孩分离的其他原因（通常是不和谐），和男孩的父母只是在他们出生前被监禁。当男孩年龄在8-11岁时，对青少年犯罪的个人、父母和家庭风险因素进行了测量。11个反社会和犯罪的结果进行了评估之间的14岁和40岁。结果：分离，因为父母监禁预测所有的反社会犯罪的结果相比，四个控制条件。父母监禁造成的分离也与许多其他儿童犯罪风险因素密切相关。在控制父母的信念和其他儿童的危险因素，分离造成的父母监禁仍然预测几个反社会犯罪的结果，甚至到32岁，与其他类型的separation.Conclusions：囚犯的孩子是一个非常脆弱的群体，具有多种危险因素的不良后果。父母被监禁对儿童的影响似乎超过了分离经历和相关风险。需要进一步研究污名化、家庭收入减少和照料质量下降等可能的调节和中介因素，以确定父母被监禁对儿童产生影响的机制。
Background: Prisoners' children appear to suffer profound psychosocial difficulties during their parents' imprisonment. However, no previous study has examined later-life outcomes for prisoners' children compared to children separated from parents for other reasons. We hypothesise that parental imprisonment predicts boys' antisocial and delinquent behaviour partly because of the trauma of separation, partly because parental imprisonment is a marker for parental criminality, and partly because of childhood risks associated with parental imprisonment.Method: This study uses prospective longitudinal data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD). The CSDD includes data on 411 Inner London males and their parents. We compare boys separated by parental imprisonment during their first 10 years of life with four control groups: boys who did not experience separation, boys separated by hospital or death, boys separated for other reasons (usually disharmony), and boys whose parents were only imprisoned before their birth. Individual, parenting, and family risk factors for delinquency were measured when boys were aged 8-11. Eleven antisocial and delinquent outcomes were assessed between ages 14 and 40.Results: Separation because of parental imprisonment predicted all antisocial-delinquent outcomes compared to the four control conditions. Separation caused by parental imprisonment was also strongly associated with many other childhood risk factors for delinquency. After controlling for parental convictions and other childhood risk factors, separation caused by parental imprisonment still predicted several antisocial-delinquent outcomes, even up to age 32, compared with other types of separation.Conclusions: Prisoners' children are a highly vulnerable group with multiple risk factors for adverse outcomes. Parental imprisonment appears to affect children over and above separation experiences and associated risks. Further research on possible moderating and mediating factors such as stigma, reduction in family income and reduced quality of care is required to identify the mechanisms by which parental imprisonment affects children.