Overtaking on migration: does longer distance migration always incur a penalty?
Overtaking on migration: does longer distance migration always incur a penalty?
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19678.x
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发表时间：
2012-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Gill, Jennifer A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alves, Jose A.;Gunnarsson, Tomas G.;Gill, Jennifer A.
对于许多候鸟物种来说，冬季分布的纬度范围跨越数千公里，因此包含了个体迁徙距离的相当大的差异。靠近繁殖区的冬季压力被认为是迁徙模式演变的强大驱动因素，因为进行较短迁徙的个体通常被认为受益于较早到达繁殖地。然而，迁徙距离对到达时间的影响很难量化，因为必须在大范围内跟踪个体。利用一个由数百名志愿观察员组成的网络在整个迁徙范围内跟踪的单独标记的冰岛黑尾猴Limosa limosa Island andica的独特数据集，我们量化了迁徙不同距离对中途停留地点的使用和到达冰岛的时间的影响。对潜在飞行距离的模拟和对整个冬季范围内个体的跟踪表明，越冬距离繁殖地较远的个体必须在春季迁徙期间进行中途停留。然而，尽管路程是往返的两倍，并进行了中途停留，但越冬时距离繁殖地最远的个体能够超过春季迁徙的同类，更早到达冰岛。因此，在远离繁殖地的地方越冬对迁徙物种是有利的，即使这需要使用中途停留的地点来延长迁徙旅程。由于较早到达繁殖地点为繁殖成功提供了有利条件，较远距离迁徙超越同种的能力可能会影响个体迁徙策略的适应结果。因此，整个范围内越冬和中途停留地点的质量变化可能超过靠近繁殖地越冬的好处，并可能是特定迁徙路线和模式演变的主要驱动因素。
For many migratory bird species, the latitudinal range of the winter distribution spans thousands of kilometres, thus encompassing considerable variation in individual migration distances. Pressure to winter near breeding areas is thought to be a strong driver of the evolution of migration patterns, as individuals undertaking a shorter migration are generally considered to benefit from earlier arrival on the breeding grounds. However, the influence of migration distance on timing of arrival is difficult to quantify because of the large scales over which individuals must be tracked. Using a unique dataset of individually-marked Icelandic black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa islandica tracked throughout the migratory range by a network of hundreds of volunteer observers, we quantify the consequences of migrating different distances for the use of stop-over sites and timing of arrival in Iceland. Modelling of potential flight distances and tracking of individuals from across the winter range shows that individuals wintering further from the breeding grounds must undertake a stop-over during spring migration. However, despite travelling twice the distance and undertaking a stop-over, individuals wintering furthest from the breeding grounds are able to overtake their conspecifics on spring migration and arrive earlier in Iceland. Wintering further from the breeding grounds can therefore be advantageous in migratory species, even when this requires the use of stop-over sites which lengthen the migratory journey. As early arrival on breeding sites confers advantages for breeding success, the capacity of longer distance migrants to overtake conspecifics is likely to influence the fitness consequences of individual migration strategies. Variation in the quality of wintering and stopover sites throughout the range can therefore outweigh the benefits of wintering close to the breeding grounds, and may be a primary driver of the evolution of specific migration routes and patterns.