Life cycle assessment of small-scale greywater reclamation systems combined with conventional centralized water systems for the City of Atlanta, Georgia
Life cycle assessment of small-scale greywater reclamation systems combined with conventional centralized water systems for the City of Atlanta, Georgia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.193
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发表时间：
2018-02-10
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Crittenden, John C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jeong, Hyunju;Broesicke, Osvaldo A.;Crittenden, John C.
本研究探讨了一种混合系统（HS），结合了灰水回收系统与集中式水系统。灰水收集自洗衣房、淋浴、洗碗机和洗碗，并回收用于非饮用现场目的（即，灌溉和厕所冲洗）。该技术可以减轻传统系统（CS）的负担，该系统被定义为亚特兰大市内的供水和废水处理系统。我们使用TRACI v2.1对HS和CS进行了生命周期评估（LCA）比较，该评估模拟了与生态系统，人类健康和自然资源相关的10种影响。我们模拟了9个住宅区的技术可行性，包括5个单户住宅区（SFZ）和4个多户公寓建筑区（MFZ），这些住宅区因土地使用和人口密度（每1000平方米0.4-62.2人）而异。灰水回收系统减少了SFZ（17-49%）和MFZ（6-32%）的非饮用水需求，同时分别减少了SFZ和MFZ的17-49%和32-41%的电力消耗。此外，CS的LCA评分比HS低20-41%。然而，敏感性分析表明，发电中的能源在减少和稳定生命周期影响方面发挥着关键作用。结果表明，LCA得分稳定在较高的人口密度。因此，一旦灰水回收能力耗尽，市政当局可以通过改善发电基础设施，进一步减少与水基础设施有关的生命周期影响。(C)2017爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有
This study examines a hybrid system (HS) that combines a greywater reclamation system with the centralized water system. Greywater is collected from laundry, showers, faucets and dishwashing and is reclaimed for non-potable on-site purposes (i.e., irrigation and toilet flushing) by using submerged membrane bioreactors (MBAs). This technology can reduce the burden of the conventional system (CS), defined as the water supply and wastewater treatment systems within the City of Atlanta. We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison of the HS and CS using TRACI v2.1, which simulates ten impacts related to the ecosystem, human health and natural resources. We simulated the technology feasibility for nine residential zones, including five single-family house zones (SFZs) and four multi-family apartment building zones (MFZs) that vary by land use and population density (0.4-62.2 persons per 1000 m(2)). The greywater reclamation system reduces non-potable water demand in SFZs (by 17-49%) and MFZs (by 6-32%) while simultaneously reducing electricity consumption by 17-49% and 32-41% for SFZs and MFZs, respectively. Moreover, the LCA score of the CS is 20-41% lower than that of the HS. However, the sensitivity analysis indicates that energy sources in electricity generation play a critical role in reducing and stabilizing life cycle impacts. The results indicate that the LCA scores stabilize at higher population densities. Therefore, once the greywater reclamation capacity is exhausted, municipalities can further decrease the life cycle impacts related to water infrastructure through improvements in the electricity generation infrastructure. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.