Characterization of outdoor air pollution from solid fuel combustion in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, a rural region of China
Characterization of outdoor air pollution from solid fuel combustion in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, a rural region of China
复制标题
中国农村地区宣威和抚远固体燃料燃烧室外空气污染特征
DOI：
10.1038/s41598-020-68229-2
复制
发表时间：
2020-07-09
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Lan, Qing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hu, Wei;Downward, George;Lan, Qing
室外空气污染是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题，特别是在城市环境中。然而，关于农村地区室外空气污染的流行病学数据有限，农村地区的空气污染程度很高，原因是家庭做饭和取暖时燃烧固体燃料。宣威和抚远是中国的农村县，在那里，国内燃烧当地来源的烟煤（“冒烟”）与中国最高的肺癌发病率有关。我们以前评估了该地区的室内和个人空气污染暴露;然而，室内燃煤和家庭通风对室外空气污染的影响尚未评估。因此，我们测量了室外细颗粒物（PM2. 5），多环芳烃（PAHs），包括萘（NAP）和已知的致癌物苯并（a）芘（BaP），二氧化硫（SO2），二氧化氮（NO2）的种类超过两个连续的24小时采样期间在29个村庄。在最初的抽样期后2至9个月，对略多于一半的那些村庄进行了重新访问，以重复所有测量。室外PM2.5、BaP、NAP和NO2的总体几何平均值（GM）分别为45.3 µg/m3、9.7 ng/m3、707.7 ng/m3和91.5 µg/m3。使用线性混合效应模型，我们发现，燃烧有烟的煤与较高的室外BaP浓度[GM比（GMR）= 2.79]和较低的室外SO2检测率（GMR = 0.43），相比，燃烧无烟煤的地区。与通风炉灶较少的地区相比，通风炉灶占主导地位的地区（> 50%的炉灶）的室外BaP（GMR = 1.49）较高。这些结果表明，在中国农村地区的室外空气污染与用于烹饪和加热室内的煤的类型和炉灶通风的存在。我们的研究结果表明，家庭炉灶的改进，以减少室内空气污染的努力，导致更高的室外空气污染水平。要进一步减少家庭燃煤对农村健康的不利影响，就需要使用清洁燃料。
Outdoor air pollution is a growing public health concern, particularly in urban settings. However, there are limited epidemiological data on outdoor air pollution in rural areas with substantial levels of air pollution attributed to solid fuel burning for household cooking and heating. Xuanwei and Fuyuan are rural counties in China where the domestic combustion of locally sourced bituminous (“smoky”) coal has been associated with the highest lung cancer rates in China. We previously assessed indoor and personal air pollution exposures in this area; however, the influence of indoor coal combustion and household ventilation on outdoor air pollution has not been assessed. Therefore, we measured outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5), species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including naphthalene (NAP) and the known carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over two consecutive 24-h sampling periods in 29 villages. Just over half of the villages were revisited two to nine months after the initial sampling period to repeat all measurements. The overall geometric mean (GM) of outdoor PM2.5, BaP, NAP, and NO2were 45.3 µg/m3, 9.7 ng/m3, 707.7 ng/m3, and 91.5 µg/m3, respectively. Using linear mixed effects models, we found that burning smoky coal was associated with higher outdoor BaP concentrations [GM ratio (GMR) = 2.79] and lower outdoor SO2detection rates (GMR = 0.43), compared to areas burning smokeless coal. Areas with predominantly ventilated stoves (> 50% of stoves) had higher outdoor BaP (GMR = 1.49) compared to areas with fewer ventilated stoves. These results show that outdoor air pollution in a rural region of China was associated with the type of coal used for cooking and heating indoors and the presence of stove ventilation. Our findings suggest that efforts of household stove improvement to reduce indoor air pollution have resulted in higher outdoor air pollution levels. Further reducing adverse health effects in rural villages from household coal combustion will require the use of cleaner fuel types.