Functionally different predators break down antipredator defenses of spider mites
Functionally different predators break down antipredator defenses of spider mites
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DOI：
10.1111/eea.12164
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Yano, Shuichi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Otsuki, Hatsune;Yano, Shuichi
与功能不同的捕食者生活在一起的猎物可能会经历更高的死亡风险，因为针对它们的捕食者的特定防御之间存在冲突。由于自然群落通常包含捕食者和功能不同的捕食者的组合，研究多个捕食者的风险增强可能有助于了解猎物的种群动态。这在实际应用中也很重要：使用多种生物防治剂提高风险可导致成功地抑制害虫。我们研究了在两种捕食者的作用下，甘肃叶螨的风险是否会增加，这两种捕食者是：多面手的斑点叶螨(膜翅目：蚁科)和特长的捕食性叶螨。我们复制了由蜘蛛、蚂蚁和捕食性蠕虫组成的微观世界。蜘蛛通过呆在叶子表面的蜘蛛网内来避开多面手蚂蚁。相比之下，蜘蛛避免了专业捕食性蠕虫通过离开网络入侵它们的网，这显然与对蚂蚁的防御相冲突。在这两种捕食者的存在下，蜘蛛的死亡率都有所增加。蜘蛛的防御之间发生了冲突：它们似乎从网中爬出来，被蚂蚁捕食。这是第一项研究表明，在同时接触通用和专业捕食者物种的网织蜘蛛中，风险会增加，并提供证据，表明蚂蚁可以通过专业捕食性蠕虫对蜘蛛的生物控制产生显著的协同效应。
Prey that lives with functionally different predators may experience enhanced mortality risk, because of conflicts between the specific defenses against their predators. Because natural communities usually contain combinations of prey and functionally different predators, examining risk enhancement with multiple predators may help to understand prey population dynamics. It is also important in an applied context: risk enhancement with multiple biological control agents could lead to successful suppression of pests. We examined whether risk enhancement occurs in the spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) when exposed to two predator species: a generalist ant, Pristomyrmex punctatus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and a specialist predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae). We replicated microcosms that consisted of spider mites, ants, and predatory mites. Spider mites avoided generalist ants by staying inside their webs on leaf surfaces. In contrast, spider mites avoided specialist predatory mites that intruded into their webs by exiting the web, which obviously conflicts with the defense against ants. In the presence of both predators, enhanced mortality of spider mites was observed. A conflict occurred between the spider mites' defenses: they seemed to move out of their webs and be preyed upon by ants. This is the first study to suggest that risk enhancement occurs in web-spinning spider mites that are exposed to both generalist and specialist predator species, and to provide evidence that ants can have remarkable synergistic effects on the biological control of spider mites using specialist predatory mites.