Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination in Neurodevelopment: Molecular Mechanisms in Health and Disease
Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination in Neurodevelopment: Molecular Mechanisms in Health and Disease
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DOI：
10.2174/1381612822666151204000636
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Fernandes, Adelaide
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Barateiro, Andreia;Brites, Dora;Fernandes, Adelaide
少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成细胞，占总神经胶质细胞群的约5至10%。这些细胞负责髓鞘的产生，髓鞘的产生不仅对于电脉冲沿着轴突的快速有效传导是必需的，而且对于保持轴突的完整性也是必需的。少突胶质细胞起源于少突胶质细胞祖细胞，其在高度调节的程序下在出生前后增殖和分化。少突胶质细胞和它们的前体都非常容易受到几种机制的损伤，包括兴奋性毒性损伤、氧化应激和炎症事件。在这篇综述中，我们将不仅涵盖少突胶质细胞发育的几个重要方面和参与这一过程的调控机制，但也有一些最重要的途径与少突胶质细胞的损伤。此外，我们还将讨论一些沿着生命旅程的神经系统疾病，这些疾病在神经发育过程中表现出少突胶质细胞功能和髓鞘形成的损伤，例如脑室周围白质软化症、缺氧/缺血和高胆红素血症，这些疾病反过来又会加剧神经系统和神经退行性疾病的出现，如精神分裂症、多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默病。
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system that constitute about 5 to 10% of the total glial population. These cells are responsible for myelin sheath production, which is essential not only for the rapid and efficient conduction of the electrical impulses along the axons, but also for preserving axonal integrity. Oligodendrocytes arise from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate just before and after birth, under a highly-regulated program. Both oligodendrocytes and their precursors are very susceptible to injury by several mechanisms, including excitotoxic damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory events. In this review, we will cover not only several important aspects of oligodendrocyte development and regulatory mechanisms involved in this process, but also some of the most important pathways of injury associated to oligodendrogenesis. Moreover, we will also address some neurological disorders along life journey that present impairment in oligodendrocyte function and in myelination during neurodevelopment, such as periventricular leukomalacia, hypoxia/ ischemia and hyperbilirubinemia that in turn can potentiate the emergence of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases like schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.