Clouds, radiation, and atmospheric circulation in the present‐day climate and under climate change
Clouds, radiation, and atmospheric circulation in the present‐day climate and under climate change
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DOI：
10.1002/wcc.694
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发表时间：
2020-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Voigt;Nicole Albern;P. Ceppi;K. Grise;Ying Li;B. Medeiros
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文献类型：
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作者：
A. Voigt;Nicole Albern;P. Ceppi;K. Grise;Ying Li;B. Medeiros
通过与辐射相互作用，云调节了地球系统中的能量流动、大气环流和区域气候。我们回顾了云辐射相互作用对当今气候中大气环流的影响，其内部变率及其对气候变化的响应。在总结云控制因子和云辐射效应的基础上，阐明了云开-关气候模式比对试验（COOKIE）和云锁定模式方法的适用范围和局限性。COOKIE表明，云辐射效应的存在在许多重要方面塑造了当今气候中的环流，包括热带雨带的宽度和热带风暴路径的位置。相反，云锁定确定了云如何影响内部变化和对全球变暖的环流反应。这包括强烈的，但依赖于模型的，短波和长波云对厄尔尼诺南方涛动的影响，以及发现大多数响应全球变暖的向极环流扩张可以归因于云的辐射变化。我们强调了来自低层云的短波变化和来自上升的高层云的长波变化对环流的影响，以及这些云的变化对环流响应全球变暖的模式差异的贡献。审查特别提请注意大气中云辐射加热的作用。最后，我们提出了一些悬而未决的问题，其中包括需要研究云对区域尺度的影响以及下一代全球风暴解决模型所创造的机会。
By interacting with radiation, clouds modulate the flow of energy through the Earth system, the circulation of the atmosphere, and regional climate. We review the impact of cloud‐radiation interactions for the atmospheric circulation in the present‐day climate, its internal variability and its response to climate change. After summarizing cloud‐controlling factors and cloud‐radiative effects, we clarify the scope and limits of the Clouds On‐Off Klimate Model Intercomparison Experiment (COOKIE) and cloud‐locking modeling methods. COOKIE showed that the presence of cloud‐radiative effects shapes the circulation in the present‐day climate in many important ways, including the width of the tropical rain belts and the position of the extratropical storm tracks. Cloud locking, in contrast, identified how clouds affect internal variability and the circulation response to global warming. This includes strong, but model‐dependent, shortwave and longwave cloud impacts on the El‐Nino Southern Oscillation, and the finding that most of the poleward circulation expansion in response to global warming can be attributed to radiative changes in clouds. We highlight the circulation impact of shortwave changes from low‐level clouds and longwave changes from rising high‐level clouds, and the contribution of these cloud changes to model differences in the circulation response to global warming. The review in particular draws attention to the role of cloud‐radiative heating within the atmosphere. We close by raising some open questions which, among others, concern the need for studying the cloud impact on regional scales and opportunities created by the next generation of global storm‐resolving models.