Factors influencing total dietary exposures of young children
Factors influencing total dietary exposures of young children
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500129
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发表时间：
2000-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Berry, MR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Akland, GG;Pellizzari, ED;Berry, MR
一个确定性模型的开发，以确定关键的输入参数需要评估幼儿的膳食摄入量。该模型被用作理解数据收集和数据分析中重要因素的框架。纳入模型的因素包括农药从表面转移到食物的效率，农药从表面转移到手到食物的效率，以及更准确的微活动数据与接触频率的三个变量的利益-手，表面和食物。使用马拉硫磷、二嗪农和毒死蜱的混合物的农药水溶液喷洒在表面上，对转移效率进行范围探索测量的结果表明，从硬表面到食物（硬木、塑料）的农药转移较高，从软表面（地毯、布）的转移较低。对6名4岁以下的儿童进行录像，以获得在家中或日托中心吃饭和吃零食时手、表面和食物相互作用的真实接触频率和时间。进食事件的时间范围从约2到55分钟不等，平均约20分钟。食物和手之间的接触频率平均为19次，每次进食事件。范围为10-40。表面和手之间的接触与食物和手之间的接触大致相同。食物和表面之间的接触范围从0到32，但只有五个或更少的接触，每次进食事件与表面以外的餐具。在进食事件期间收集的儿童微活动数据，以及转移研究的实验室结果，作为饮食摄入模型的Monte Carlo模拟的输入。模拟结果表明，儿童对食物的处理可能占总膳食摄入量的20-80%。由于食物中的残留物在处理前的膳食暴露分别占模拟儿童食用苹果或香蕉的总平均摄入量的16%和47%。这些结果表明，食物在家庭中常见的各种表面上的转移效率以及儿童手与食物和表面的接触是饮食接触的重要决定因素。
A deterministic model was developed to identify the critical input parameters needed to assess dietary intakes of young children. The model was used as a framework for understanding the important factors in data collection and data analysis. Factors incorporated into the model included transfer efficiencies of pesticide from surfaces to food, transfer efficiencies of pesticide from surfaces to hands to food, and more accurate microactivity data related to contact frequency for the three variables of interest - hands, surfaces, and food. Results from range - finding measurements of transfer efficiencies using an aqueous pesticide solution of a mixture of malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos sprayed on the surfaces indicate that a higher pesticide transfer occurred from hard surfaces to food (hardwood, plastic), with low transfer from soft surfaces (carpet, cloth). Six children, all less than 4 years old, were videotaped to obtain realistic contact frequency and times for the interaction of hands, surfaces, and foods during eating meals and snacks while in their homes or day care centers. The time range of eating events varied from about 2 to 55 min, with an average of about 20 min. The average number of contact frequencies between food and hands was 19 times for each eating event. with a range of 10-40. Contacts between the surface and hand were about the same as the food and hands. Contacts between foods and surfaces ranged from 0 to 32, but only five or less of the contacts per eating event were associated with surfaces other than eating utensil. The children's microactivity data collected during the eating events, together with the laboratory results from the transfer studies, were provided as input into a Monte Carlo simulation of the dietary ingestion model. Simulation results indicate that children's handling of the food could contribute 20-80% of the total dietary intake of pesticides. Dietary exposure due to residues in the food before handling accounted for 16% and 47%, respectively, of the total mean intake from simulations for a child's consumption of an apple or banana. These results indicated that transfer efficiencies for foods on various surfaces typically found in homes as well as children's hand contacts with the food and surfaces are important as determinants of dietary exposure.