The Superpower Quest for Empire: The Cold War and Soviet Support for ‘Wars of National Liberation’
The Superpower Quest for Empire: The Cold War and Soviet Support for ‘Wars of National Liberation’
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超级大国对帝国的追求：冷战和苏联对“民族解放战争”的支持
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发表时间：
2006
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通讯作者：
R. Kanet
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作者：
R. Kanet
随着以苏联和美国之间对抗为重点的冷战进一步淡出历史背景，这场斗争的遗产继续在发展中世界的大部分地区蓬勃发展。1990年后摧毁阿富汗和索马里的血腥战争，非洲和亚洲的地方和区域冲突的致命性，以及军队在许多发展中国家的主导作用，只是冷战在全球南方的负面遗产的一部分。在这篇文章中，我们考察了超级大国是如何将它们最初以欧洲为基础的冲突扩大到整个发展中世界的，以至于到了20世纪70年代和80年代，它们在亚洲、中东、非洲和拉丁美洲的许多地区冲突中参与支持对立双方的。我们开始讨论被称为冷战的全球对抗的起源和性质。我们要说的是，直到20世纪50年代中后期，欧洲的直接军事对抗很可能会通过核战争带来相互毁灭，这一点变得清晰起来之后，苏联和美国才将竞争的焦点转移到发展中国家。然后，我们将重点关注苏联参与支持第三世界（全球南方）的“进步力量”的不断升级，这些力量反对西方，包括阿拉伯国家，反对以色列和美国的帝国主义，以及民族解放战争，最终导致对阿富汗的直接军事干预。我们将指出导致苏联日益傲慢的因素，这些因素导致帝国过度扩张，沿着内部政治和经济停滞以及新兴的民族主义，最终推翻了整个苏联帝国体系。美国的反应，特别是在罗纳德里根的领导下，是向整个发展中世界的力量提供支持，挑战那些站在苏联及其古巴盟友一边的人;结果是军事冲突在2005年显著扩大。
As the Cold War with its focus on confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States fades further into the historical background, the legacies of that struggle continue to flourish in large portions of the developing world. The murderous warfare that devastated Afghanistan and Somalia after 1990, the lethality of local and regional conflicts in Africa and Asia, and the dominant role of the military in so many developing countries are but part of the negative legacy of the Cold War throughout the Global South. In this essay we examine the ways in which the superpowers expanded their initially European-based conflict throughout the developing world, so that by the 1970s and 1980s they were involved in supporting opposite sides in numerous regional conflicts throughout Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. We begin with a discussion of the origins and nature of the global confrontation known as the Cold War. We will argue that only after it had become clear by the mid-to-late 1950s that direct military confrontation in Europe was likely to bring with it mutual annihilation through nuclear war did the Soviets and Americans shift the focus of their competition to the developing world. We will then focus on the escalating level of Soviet involvement in the support of ‘progressive forces’ across the Third World (Global South) in their struggle against the West, including Arab states, against what both viewed as Israeli and American imperialism, and in wars of national liberation that culminated in direct military intervention in Afghanistan. We will point to the factors that contributed to the growing Soviet hubris that contributed to the imperial overstretch that, along with internal political and economic stagnation and emerging nationalism, eventually brought down the entire Soviet imperial system. The US response, especially under Ronald Reagan, was to provide support to forces throughout the developing world that challenged those who had sided with the Soviets and their Cuban allies; the result was a significant expansion of military conflict in