Human Trafficking: Trade for Sex, Labor, and Organs
Human Trafficking: Trade for Sex, Labor, and Organs
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人口贩运：性、劳动力和器官交易
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Clark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Clark
过去二十年来，人口贩运研究取得了长足的发展。人们更加重视全球市场内的劳动力贩运以及迫使人们接受不稳定、剥削性工作的条件。全球移民的增加和限制性边境执法政策给人口贩运带来了新的脆弱性。与此同时，各国政府、政府间机构、非政府组织、学者和民间社会一直在努力识别、定义、概念化和量化人口贩运。为了应对这些趋势，有关人口贩运的文献数量呈指数级增长；然而，仍然存在许多差距，特别是在理解这一现象的多方面性质方面。 Bandana Purkayastha 和 Farhan Navid Yousaf 撰写的《人口贩运：性、劳动力和器官贸易》是最近新增的一本书，阐述了人口贩运的许多显着特征。该书对人口贩运的学术研究和国际政策进行了出色的元研究分析。该书的主要前提是贩运是复杂的，需要作为一个连续体来理解（第 2 页）。作者认为，性贩运、劳动力贩运和器官贩运是重叠的。因此，劳动力贩运的受害者可能会同时或相继成为性贩运的牺牲品或被迫出售器官。许多关于人口贩运的学术研究都没有考虑种族化、性别化和阶级不平等的影响。因此，普卡亚斯塔和优素福使用的分析理论框架值得赞扬。通过对交叉性和人类安全（人权）进行综合分析的非线性方法是新鲜的，可以更深入地挖掘人口贩运的复杂本质。该书讨论了贩运的许多显着特征，并指出需要更加重视劳动力和器官贩运。有必要解决新自由主义政策中导致人口贩运长期存在的剥削结构，以及政府为决定移民政策和法律地位而施加的限制性安全措施。作者巧妙地阐述了对廉价劳动力的需求与阻碍移民流动和安全的政府政策（例如许多国家使用的捆绑签证制度）之间的二分法。作者主张以女权主义、基于权利的方式处理性贩运和性工作，接受废奴主义者认为所有形式的卖淫都是剥削性的观点。 Purkayastha 和 Yousaf 还对当前量化贩运的措施以及定义模糊性如何导致缺乏准确数据、导致法律和政策继续不足的问题进行了批判性评估。在整本书中，作者强调了移民、人口贩运的潜在受害者和人口贩运受害者所面临的结构性脆弱性，以及缺乏政治选区如何使他们容易受到有组织犯罪实体和人口贩运者的攻击。 Purkayastha and Yousaf call for laws and policies to be formulated within a human rights framework, and they argue that access to civil, political, social, and economic rights needs to be embedded into anti-trafficking protocols to prevent re-victimization and retrafficking.作者散布在书中，提供了贩运受害者/幸存者的叙述，使复杂的环境栩栩如生。 评论 291
The study of human trafficking has evolved considerably over the last twenty years. More emphasis has been placed on labor trafficking within global markets and the conditions that compel a person to accept precarious, exploitative work. The increase in global migration and restrictive border enforcement policies has created new vulnerabilities to trafficking. At the same time governments, intergovernmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, scholars, and civil society have struggled to identify, define, conceptualize, and quantify human trafficking. The body of literature on human trafficking has grown exponentially to address these trends; however, many gaps remain, particularly in understanding the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon. Human Trafficking: Trade for Sex, Labor, and Organs, by Bandana Purkayastha and Farhan Navid Yousaf, is a recent addition that addresses many of the salient features of trafficking in persons. The book constitutes an excellent meta-research analysis of scholarly studies and international policies about human trafficking. The main premise of the book is that trafficking is complex and needs to be understood as a continuum (p. 2). The authors contend that sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ trafficking overlap. As such, a victim of labor trafficking can simultaneously, or sequentially, fall prey to sex trafficking or be compelled to sell an organ. Much of the scholarship on trafficking in persons fails to consider the effects of racialized, gendered, and classed inequalities. As such, the theoretical framework of analysis Purkayastha and Yousaf use is worthy of praise. The nonlinear approach through an integrated analysis of intersectionality and human security (human rights) is fresh, digging deeper into the convoluted nature of trafficking. The book addresses many of the salient features of trafficking, noting the need for more emphasis on labor and organ trafficking. There is a need to address both the exploitive structures of neoliberal policies that perpetuate trafficking and the restrictive security measures imposed by governments that determine immigration policies and legal status. The authors adeptly narrate the dichotomy between the demand for cheap labor and government policies that impede mobility and security of migrants, such as the tied visa system used in many countries. The authors advocate a feminist, rights-based approach to sex trafficking and sex work, taking on the abolitionists’ view that all forms of prostitution are exploitive. Purkayastha and Yousaf also provide a critical assessment of current measures to quantify trafficking and of how definitional ambiguities result in a lack of accurate data, leading laws and policies to continue to fall short. Throughout the book the authors hammer home the structural vulnerabilities migrants, potential victims of trafficking, and victims of human trafficking face and how the lack of political constituency renders them prone to organized criminal entities and traffickers. Purkayastha and Yousaf call for laws and policies to be formulated within a human rights framework, and they argue that access to civil, political, social, and economic rights needs to be embedded into anti-trafficking protocols to prevent re-victimization and retrafficking. Interspersed in the book, the authors provide narratives of victims/survivors of trafficking that bring to life the complex milieu Reviews 291