Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction
Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction
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内隐认知与成瘾手册
DOI：
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01865.x
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
G. Bühringer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Bühringer
我们知道，滥用精神药物是不合理的，因为从长远来看，消极后果超过积极后果，导致自我毁灭和危及生命的行为。我们非常了解吸毒和相关疾病的发病和发展过程的途径、过程和风险因素，我们从研究和临床经验中了解到，大多数吸毒成瘾者在其一生中的某些时候都想停止其有害行为或保持禁欲，但未能成功。然而，我们有非常有限的证据来预测，甚至解释，为什么有些人发展成问题的行为，而其他人没有，给予相同的实验用途;为什么有些人设法达到禁欲，而其他人没有;为什么有些人复发，而其他人没有。在个人意志和冲动之间，在高阶的、反思性的认知过程和基本的、内隐的、动机驱动的过程之间，似乎存在着差异。也许这两个系统的性质，它们的相互作用和个体差异是一个可能的来源，更好地了解个人的风险水平的发病，持续和抵消的问题行为？该手册侧重于这样的双系统或双过程概念的一部分，内隐认知和自动过程，但也与反射性认知控制过程的相互作用。在七个部分和34章，由杰出的研究人员从外部和内部的成瘾领域，最新的理论概念，实证研究结果和可能的临床应用的高度多样性，内隐认知和反射控制过程的相互作用进行了描述，分析和讨论。这些章节涵盖（i）理论方面和定义;（ii）评估内隐认知的测量问题;（iii）潜在的大脑机制;（iv/v）调节因素的影响，如情绪、动机或特定的药物作用;以及（vi）内隐认知对预防和治疗的影响。最后一节（vii）是这样一个出版物的独特之处，它包含了主要的外部专家对成瘾病因学和精神病理学以及临床成瘾研究的特邀评论（例如Sher，Berridge &罗宾逊，Marlatt）。阅读这本550页的书是一项具有挑战性的“高阶”认知任务，其中包含大量的科学数据和理论结构，从一般心理概念到潜在的大脑机制。这一努力不仅是值得的，而且对于所有认为有必要更清楚地了解成瘾行为中机会的中介和调节者的研究人员来说，甚至是必须的，从开始到维持和抵消。总之，越来越多的证据表明，内隐，自动认知和反射性认知控制系统的平衡受损与成瘾过程有关，甚至可能提高我们对个体风险差异的理解。未来的研究必须集中在寻找更好的实证证据的不同功能特性的措施，内隐认知和成瘾行为的过程中的内隐认知的影响。
We know that the abuse of psychotropic substances is irrational, in the sense that in the long term the negative consequences exceed the positive ones, leading to a selfdestructive, life-threatening behaviour. We understand quite well the pathways, processes and risk factors for the onset and course of substance use and related disorders, and we know from research and clinical experience that at some times in their life most drug-dependent people have wanted to stop their harmful behaviour or to stay abstinent, but have failed to succeed. However, we have very limited evidence to predict, or even explain, why some develop problematic behaviours and others not, given the same experimental use; why some manage to reach abstinence and others not; and why some relapse and others not. There seems to be a discrepancy between personal will and urge, between higher-order, reflective cognitive processes and basic, implicit, motivational driven processes. Perhaps the nature of these two systems, their interactions and individual differences are a possible source for a better understanding of individual risk levels for onset, continuation and offset of problematic behaviour? The handbook focuses on one part of such dualsystem or dual-process concepts, on implicit cognitions and automatic processes, but also on the interaction with reflective cognitive control processes. In seven sections and 34 chapters, authored by distinguished researchers from outside and inside the addiction field, a high diversity of up-to-date theoretical concepts, empirical findings and possible clinical applications of implicit cognitions and the interaction with reflective control processes are described, analysed and discussed. The sections cover (i) theoretical aspects and definitions;(ii) measurement issues to assess implicit cognitions;(iii) underlying brain mechanisms;(iv/v) the impact of moderators such as emotion, motivation or specific drug effects; and (vi) the consequences of implicit cognitions for prevention and treatment. The final section (vii) is unique for such a publication and contains invited commentaries by leading outside experts for the aetiology of addiction and psychopathology in general, as well as for clinical addiction research (eg Sher, Berridge & Robinson, Marlatt). To read this 550-page book is a challenging ‘higherorder’cognitive task, with its large amount of scientific data and theoretical structuring, ranging from general psychological concepts to underlying brain mechanisms. The effort is not only worthwhile, but even a must for all researchers who feel the need to understand more clearly the mediators and moderators of chance in addictive behaviours, from onset to maintenance and offset. Altogether there is increasing evidence that implicit, automatic cognitions and the impaired balance with reflective cognitive control systems are relevant for addictive processes and might even improve our understanding of individual risk differences. Future research has to focus on finding better empirical evidence of different functional properties of measures for implicit cognitions and on the impact of implicit cognitions on the processes of addictive behaviours.