BETWEEN AND WITHIN - ALTERNATIVE SEQUENTIAL TREATMENTS OF CONTINUERS AND ASSESSMENTS
BETWEEN AND WITHIN - ALTERNATIVE SEQUENTIAL TREATMENTS OF CONTINUERS AND ASSESSMENTS
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00148127
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发表时间：
1986-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
GOODWIN, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
GOODWIN, C
结论一旦将评估和延续作为可区分的现象加以关注，就会清楚地发现它们之间的不同不仅在于它们在扩展回合中顺序放置的细节，而且还存在其他重要方面。首先，虽然评估可以采取具有清晰词汇内容的谈话形式（例如“哦哇”和评估形容词“美丽”），但它们也可以用诸如“啊:::”之类的声音来完成，其主要功能似乎是携带适当的声音。语调轮廓以及手势（参见 M. Goodwin，1980）。在这一点上，它们类似于延续者，可以通过词汇地位并不总是被认可的谈话来执行，也可以通过点头等适当的手势来执行。鉴于延续者和简短评估都典型地处于一个相当专业的环境中，即另一个人的持续讨论，它们具有这些特征也就不足为奇了。事实上，就这些特征对正在进行的其他谈话提供最小的词汇和听觉干扰而言，它们正是预期能够在这种环境中发挥作用的行动的一些适应。鉴于行动中的结构相似性也相当简短，区分评估和延续性的清晰度变得有趣。事实上，如果这些对象在同一环境中执行不同的工作，那么它们彼此之间的显着差异就成为每个对象结构的重要特征。考虑到简短评估所要求的简洁性和清晰度，更值得注意的是，其中许多人通过发音方式和语调轮廓的细节，能够传达有关说话者参与评估和当前谈话的相当详细、甚至复杂的信息。其次，虽然“嗯嗯”似乎仅限于另一个人的长时间谈话中的位置，但评估也可以在这种长时间轮流完成时进行。事实上，评估是完成故事等延伸转折的典型方法之一。这种不同的位置与已经注意到的有关这些现象的组织的内容非常一致。例如，就接续者将刚刚听到的谈话视为进一步谈话的预备而言，作为标记延长回合完成的技术是非常不合适的。另一方面，由于他们欣赏刚刚所说内容的细节，而不将演讲标记为其他内容的前奏，因此评估是在扩展序列上进行最终工作的合适结构。第三，“嗯嗯”似乎是一种排他性的接受者动作——事实上，它作为接续者的工作正是通过相对于另一位演讲者的更扩展演讲的位置来完成的。然而，评估可以由演讲者和接受者进行。第四，虽然本文的分析集中于简短评估（形式上与延续者最相似的评估类型），但与延续者不同的评估实际上可以采取多种形式，其中一些评估非常详细，例如专门用于进行评估活动的扩展句子甚至轮流序列。总之，接收者可以使用其他类型的行动来在另一个人的扩展谈话中构建响应。尽管回复本身通常很简短，但可以放置在各种连续位置的替代方案的存在为收件人提供了资源，使他们能够……
ConclusionOnce assessments and continuers are focussed on as distinguishable phenomena it becomes clear that they differ from each other not just in the details of their sequential placement within an extended turn, but in other significant ways as well.First, though assessments can take the form of talk with clear lexical content (for example `Oh wow' and assessment adjectives such as ‘beautiful’), they can also be done with sounds such as ‘Ah:::’ whose main function seems to be the carrying of an appropriate intonation contour, as well as gesturally (cf. M. Goodwin, 1980). In this they resemble continuers, which can be performed both with talk whose lexical status is not always granted, and with appropriate gestures such as nods. In view of the way in which both continuers and brief assessments are characteristically situated within a rather specialized environment, the ongoing talk of another, it is not surprising that they share these characteristics. Indeed in so far as these features provide minimal lexical and auditory interference with the other talk already in progress, they are precisely some of the adaptations that would be expected of action able to function in such an environment. Given such structural similarity in action that is also quite brief, the clarity with which assessments can be distinguished from continuers becomes interesting. If in fact these objects are doing different work in the same environment, the salience of their distinctness from each other becomes an important feature of the structure of each. In view of the economy and clarity that brief assessments require, it is all the more remarkable that many of them, through the details of the way in which they are pronounced and their intonation contour, are able to convey quite detailed, even intricate, information about their speaker's involvement in both the assessment and the talk of the moment.Second, while ‘uh huh’ seems to be restricted to placement in the midst of extended talk by another, assessments can occur at the completion of such extended turns as well. Indeed assessments are one of the prototypical ways of bringing an extended turn such as a story to completion. Such differential placement is quite compatible with what has already been noted about the organization of these phenomena. For example, insofar as a continuer treats the talk just heard as preliminary to further talk it would be quite inappropriate as a technique for marking completion of an extended turn. On the other hand by virtue of the way in which they appreciate the details of what has just been said without marking that talk as a prelude to something else, assessments are apt structures for doing terminal work on an extended sequence.Third, ‘uh huh’ seems to be an exclusively recipient action — indeed its work as a continuer is accomplished precisely through placement relative to more extended talk by another speaker. Assessments, however, can be done by speaker as well as recipient.Fourth, though analysis in the present paper has focussed on brief assessments (the type of assessment most similar in form to continuers), assessments unlike continuers can in fact take many shapes, some of them quite elaborate with, for example, extended sentences and even sequences of turns being devoted exclusively to the activity of doing an assessment.In sum, alternative types of action are available to recipients for constructing responses in the midst of another's extended talk. Though the responses themselves are typically brief, the presence of alternatives that can be placed in a variety of sequential positions provides recipients with resources that enable them to …