Representational changes in retinotopic cortex during the development of depth cue combination in childhood.
Representational changes in retinotopic cortex during the development of depth cue combination in childhood.
复制标题
儿童时期深度线索组合发展过程中视网膜专题皮层的代表性变化。
DOI：
10.1167/15.12.360
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Dekker T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dekker T
成年人可以通过平均多种感官估计（例如，视觉和触觉，或通过多种视觉线索的深度）来提高其感知精度。引人注目的是，直到 10 岁，孩子们才会结合多种线索来减少感觉的不确定性。目前还不清楚为什么感觉融合带来的知觉益处在童年这么晚才出现。融合单个线索的神经计算可能在童年时期发展缓慢。例如，由于学习线索如何相互关联的扩展过程（Gori et al., 2008, Curr Biol）。另一种可能性是所需的神经计算已经到位，但孩子们仍在学习如何自适应地使用结果输出来改善感知。为了了解神经表征水平上感觉融合的发展，我们在一项儿童发育研究中结合了心理物理学、视网膜专题图和模式分类功能磁共振成像，使用的方法首先在成人中得到验证（Ban et al., 2012, Nat. Neurosci）。在 100 名 6-13 岁儿童的样本中，我们测量了感知深度辨别阈值，并确定运动视差和视差线索的类似成人的融合在 10 岁到 11 岁之间发展。然后，我们在 27 名 8-13 岁儿童的子集中研究了在感知上出现类似成人提示整合时发生的神经表征的变化。有明显证据表明年龄较大的儿童（> 10.5 岁）视觉区域 V3B 存在深度线索整合，该区域也结合了成熟大脑中的视觉深度线索。相比之下，我们没有发现年幼儿童视觉皮层感觉融合的证据，他们在行为心理物理学任务（<10.5岁）中也没有表现出感知线索组合。这表明，在 V3B 中产生融合深度表示的神经过程仍在这些年轻的年龄中发展。
Human adults can improve their perceptual precision by averaging multiple sensory estimates (eg, vision and touch, or depth via multiple visual cues). Strikingly, it is not until~ age 10 years that children combine multiple cues to reduce sensory uncertainty. Why perceptual benefits from sensory fusion emerge so late in childhood is currently unclear. It is possible that the neural computations by which single cues are fused develop slowly in childhood. For example due an extended process of learning how cues relate to each other (Gori et al., 2008, Curr Biol). An alternative possibility is that the required neural computations are in place, but that children are still learning how to use the resulting output adaptively to improve perception. To understand the development of sensory fusion at the level of neural representation, we combined psychophysics, retinotopic mapping, and pattern classification fMRI in a developmental study with children, using methods that were first validated with adults (Ban et al., 2012, Nat. Neurosci). In a sample of 100 children aged 6-13 years we measured perceptual depth discrimination thresholds and established that adult-like fusion of motion-parallax and disparity cues develops between the 10th and 11th year. In a subset of 27 children aged 8-13 years, we then investigated the changes in neural representations that occurred while adult-like cue integration emerged perceptually. There was clear evidence of depth cue integration in visual area V3B in older children (> 10.5 years), a region that also combines visual depth cues in the mature brain. In contrast, we found no evidence for sensory fusion in the visual cortex of younger children, who also did not display perceptual cue combination in the behavioral psychophysics task (< 10.5 years). This suggests that the neural processes giving rise to fused depth representations in V3B are still developing at these younger ages.