Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
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牛津研究亚洲历史百科全书
DOI：
10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.308
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fennell S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fennell S
《牛津英语词典》将贫困定义为缺乏财富和物质财富的“赤贫”。它表示个人没有足够的资源和收入来支付维持生存和健康所需的必需品。这种情况可能源于外部冲击，例如户主的死亡或歉收，也可能源于系统性因素，例如自古以来使社会中某些群体处于不稳定状态的权力关系或机构。古代和中世纪的文献中有大量对贫困的描述，这些文献往往从自然、文化和个人特征来描述贫困。与此形成鲜明对比的是，直到 19 世纪下半叶，贫困问题才成为公共政策关注的焦点。还值得注意的是，19世纪和20世纪初开始出现的衡量贫困的方法将贫困视为一种文化或个人特征，而不是法律或行政政策制定的结果。这些现代的定量测量方法也为设计扶贫和促进人类发展的公共政策提供了最早的证据基础。
The Oxford English Dictionary defines poverty as “destitution” with respect to lack of wealth and material possessions. It denotes a condition where an individual has inadequate resources and earnings to afford those necessities they require in order to stay alive and well. This condition can stem from extraneous shocks, such as the death of the head of the household or a poor harvest, or can result from systematic factors like power relations or institutions that have, since ancient times, kept some groups in society in precarious conditions. Descriptions of poverty are plentiful in ancient and medieval texts, which tend to characterize poverty with regard to natural, cultural, and personal features. In sharp contrast, the emergence of poverty as a public policy concern did not become evident until the latter part of the 19th century. It is also noteworthy that the means of measuring poverty that began to emerge in 19th and early 20th centuries identified poverty as a cultural or individual trait, rather than as a consequence of legal or administrative policy making. These latter day quantitative methods of measurement also provide the earliest evidence base for the design of public policies for poverty alleviation and advancing human development.