Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany
Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025002
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发表时间：
2013-04-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Siebert, Ursula
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Daehne, Michael;Gilles, Anita;Siebert, Ursula
2008年和2009年，德国北海的第一个海上风电场“阿尔法文图斯”在德国海岸以北约45公里处的博尔库姆礁场东北部建造，12台风力涡轮机的基础采用了膨胀桩。在2008年至2010年期间，通过15次空中样线距离抽样调查，在施工和运营之前以及期间对港口江豚进行了视觉监测。从2008年到2011年，在12个位置使用回声定位点击记录仪进行了静态声学监测（SAM）。SAM设备部署在距离风电场中心1至50公里的地方。在航空调查期间，在两个调查区（10 934和11 824 km（2））中覆盖了18 600 km的样线，并记录了1392次港口江豚目击。2009年施工期间记录的密度最低。空间分布模式记录在两个航空调查三个星期前，正是在打桩点对一个强烈的回避反应在20公里的距离内的噪声源。SAM数据的广义加法模型显示，打桩对距离小于10.8公里的8个位置的相对海豚检测率产生负面影响。在25公里和50公里的两个位置发现了增加的检测率，这表明海豚被转移到这些位置。打桩相关的行为反应，因此可以检测到使用SAM在一个更大的距离比纯回避半径将建议。打桩开始后，第一次等待时间（海豚检测之间的间隔至少10分钟），随着打桩时间的延长而增加。因此，随着距离打桩场地的距离增加，回避反应逐渐减弱的回避梯度很可能是在较短的打桩活动中不完全位移的产物。
The first offshore wind farm 'alpha ventus' in the German North Sea was constructed north east of Borkum Reef Ground approximately 45 km north off the German coast in 2008 and 2009 using percussive piling for the foundations of 12 wind turbines. Visual monitoring of harbour porpoises was conducted prior to as well as during construction and operation by means of 15 aerial line transect distance sampling surveys, from 2008 to 2010. Static acoustic monitoring (SAM) with echolocation click loggers at 12 positions was performed additionally from 2008 to 2011. SAM devices were deployed between 1 and 50 km from the centre of the wind farm. During aerial surveys, 18 600 km of transect lines were covered in two survey areas (10 934 and 11 824 km(2)) and 1392 harbour porpoise sightings were recorded. Lowest densities were documented during the construction period in 2009. The spatial distribution pattern recorded on two aerial surveys three weeks before and exactly during pile-driving points towards a strong avoidance response within 20 km distance of the noise source. Generalized additive modelling of SAM data showed a negative impact of pile-driving on relative porpoise detection rates at eight positions at distances less than 10.8 km. Increased detection rates were found at two positions at 25 and 50 km distance suggesting that porpoises were displaced towards these positions. A pile-driving related behavioural reaction could thus be detected using SAM at a much larger distance than a pure avoidance radius would suggest. The first waiting time (interval between porpoise detections of at least 10 min), after piling started, increased with longer piling durations. A gradient in avoidance, a gradual fading of the avoidance reaction with increasing distance from the piling site, is hence most probably a product of an incomplete displacement during shorter piling events.