Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration
Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration
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岛屿灭绝：过程、模式和生态系统恢复的潜力
DOI：
10.1017/s037689291700039x
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
J. Wilmshurst
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jamie R. Wood;J. Alcover;T. Blackburn;P. Bover;R. Duncan;J. Hume;Julien Louys;H. Meijer;J. Rando;J. Wilmshurst
物种灭绝改变了整个晚第四纪的岛屿生态系统。在此，我们回顾了岛屿灭绝的主要历史驱动因素，岛屿之间的灭绝年表模式，以及通过重新引入灭绝物种来恢复生态系统的潜力。虽然有些物种的灭绝是由气候和环境变化造成的，但大多数是由人为影响造成的。我们提出了一个通用模型来描述这些人为岛屿灭绝的模式。狩猎、栖息地丧失和入侵掠食者的引入伴随着史前定居，导致特有岛屿物种的减少。后来欧洲殖民者的定居带来了进一步的土地开发，一套不同的捕食者和新的驱动力，导致了更多的灭绝。物种灭绝改变了生态网络，通过生态系统过程、功能和物种间相互作用的丧失，对岛屿造成连锁反应。灭绝物种的重新引入有助于恢复生态系统的功能和过程，并可以古生态学为指导。然而，重新引入项目还必须考虑目前居住在岛屿上的人类的文化、社会和经济需求，并确保抵御未来环境和气候变化的能力。
SUMMARY Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change.