Crew Maintenance Lessons Learned from ISS and Considerations for Future Manned Missions
Crew Maintenance Lessons Learned from ISS and Considerations for Future Manned Missions
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从国际空间站吸取的机组人员维护经验教训以及未来载人任务的考虑因素
DOI：
10.2514/6.2006-5952
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Russian Segment
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Christie Bertels;Russian Segment
载人航天的未来预计将使人类重返月球，并最终到达火星。这将为航天操作带来前所未有的挑战，主要是因为此类任务所需的距离和持续时间要长得多。这些挑战之一是宇航员对航天器的维护。设计研究表明，载人火星任务最有可能持续 2-3 年。在此期间，宇航员将全权负责执行飞行器所需的维护工作。确保任务成功的一个关键组成部分是实现飞行器设计要求，其中包含以下后勤和维护考虑因素：易于访问轨道更换单元（ORU）、标准化机组人员界面、标准化工具和支持/诊断设备以及需要舱外活动（EVA）的最少维修操作。然而，即使满足了这些设计要求，火星任务的运行维护要求也将比美国之前的载人航天计划更具挑战性。从历史上看，美国载人飞行任务的飞行时间相对较短，因此飞行器主要依赖系统冗余，提供最小量的工具/备件，并且在轨维修能力有限。当前的航天飞机计划也是如此。然而，自2000年10月以来一直有人居住的国际空间站（ISS）是对地面技术人员无法维修的飞行器实施在轨维护的最佳例子。国际空间站计划的经验教训表明，在轨执行维护任务需要大量机组人员时间。自 2003 年哥伦比亚号航天飞机事故以来，人们已经清楚地认识到，中级（I 级）维护能力（即 ORU 子部件维修）对于没有补给飞行器的航天器至关重要。然而，I 级维护任务往往更加复杂且耗时。国际空间站已获得第一个计划 SpaceOps 2006 会议 AIAA 2006-5952
The future of manned spaceflight is expected to return humans to the moon and eventually beyond to Mars. This will present unprecedented challenges for spaceflight operations, mostly due to the significantly greater distances and durations required for such missions. One of these challenges is crew maintenance of the spacecraft. Design studies have shown most likely durations for manned missions to Mars will be 2-3 years. Astronauts will be solely responsible for implementing maintenance required on the vehicle during that time. A critical component of ensuring a successful mission is to implement vehicle design requirements that incorporate the following logistical and maintenance considerations: easy accessibility to Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs), standardized crew interfaces, standardized tools and support/diagnostic equipment, and minimal repair operations requiring Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). However, even with these design requirements met, operational maintenance requirements for a Mars mission will be more challenging than previous US manned spaceflight programs. Historically, US manned missions have involved relatively short duration flights, thus the vehicles mostly relied on system redundancy, provided minimum volume for tools/spares, and had limited on-orbit repair capability. This is even true of the current Space Shuttle program. However, the International Space Station (ISS), which has been human-inhabited continually since October 2000, has been the best example of implementing on-orbit maintenance on a vehicle which cannot be serviced via ground technicians. Lessons learned on the ISS program have shown that substantial amounts of crew time are required for on-orbit execution of maintenance tasks. Since the Space Shuttle Columbia accident in 2003, it has become clear that Intermediate-level (I-level) maintenance capabilities, meaning ORU sub-component repair, are crucial for spacecraft without re-supply vehicles. However, I-level maintenance tasks tend to be much more complex and time intensive. The ISS has been the first program SpaceOps 2006 Conference AIAA 2006-5952