Non-Standard Genetic Codes Define New Concepts for Protein Engineering.
Non-Standard Genetic Codes Define New Concepts for Protein Engineering.
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DOI：
10.3390/life5041610
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发表时间：
2015-11-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Santos MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bezerra AR;Guimarães AR;Santos MA
遗传密码的基本特征是密码子和氨基酸之间严格一对一的对应关系。规范密码由3个终止密码子和61个意义密码子组成，编码了自然界中观察到的20%的氨基酸库。由于其在大多数生物体中的保守性，它最初被认为是不可变的和普遍的，但对人类线粒体基因组的基因测序显示，密码子分配存在偏差。从那时起，在核和线粒体基因组中都有替代密码的报道，遗传密码工程已成为一个重要的研究领域。在这里，我们回顾了自然非标准遗传密码研究中出现的最新概念，特别强调了与实验室工程遗传密码相关的密码子重新分配策略。本文还回顾了合成生物学的最新工具和目前设计非标准氨基酸结合的新代码的尝试。
The essential feature of the genetic code is the strict one-to-one correspondence between codons and amino acids. The canonical code consists of three stop codons and 61 sense codons that encode 20% of the amino acid repertoire observed in nature. It was originally designated as immutable and universal due to its conservation in most organisms, but sequencing of genes from the human mitochondrial genomes revealed deviations in codon assignments. Since then, alternative codes have been reported in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and genetic code engineering has become an important research field. Here, we review the most recent concepts arising from the study of natural non-standard genetic codes with special emphasis on codon re-assignment strategies that are relevant to engineering genetic code in the laboratory. Recent tools for synthetic biology and current attempts to engineer new codes for incorporation of non-standard amino acids are also reviewed in this article.