An analysis of the "pleiotropic" effects of a new lethal mutation in the rat (Mus norvegicus)
An analysis of the "pleiotropic" effects of a new lethal mutation in the rat (Mus norvegicus)
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1938.0017
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发表时间：
1938-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Grüneberg, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grüneberg, H
一个有机体中可观察到的“特征”的数量是无限的。控制发育的基因数量是有限的。由此可见，许多基因，也许是大多数基因，一定不能只影响一个器官或特征，而是一次影响几个。它们的作用是多方面的，“多效性”一词被创造出来，以涵盖单个基因的这种作用的多样性。问题来了：一个基因是如何产生“多效性”效应的？产生效果的代理可以通过三种不同的方式实现。X可以直接产生a和b，但以两种独立且不同的方式产生（X→a→b）。或X可以直接产生和b，但本质上是相同的方式（X -→a→b）。orx可以直接产生其中一种效果(a)，而这种初级产品反过来又影响另一种效果(b)。这是一个因果链，（X→a→borX→b→a），一个影响从属于另一个，并在时间上跟随它。当次要效应已经形成时，主要效应可能仍然能够被注意到；然后我们在空间中观察到“多效性”，否则我们只在时间中观察到它。如果有两种以上的结果是由x决定的，那么这三种基本因果关系的组合就可能发生。
The number of observable “characters” in an organism is infinite. The number of genes which control development is limited. It follows that many, perhaps most, genes must not affect only one organ or character, but several at a time. Their effect is manifold, and the term “pleiotropism” has been coined to cover this diversity of actions of a single gene. The question arises: How does a gene produce its “pleiotropic” effects ? An agentXwhich produces the effectsaandbcan do so in three different ways.Xmay produceaandbdirectly, but in two independent and different ways (X→a→b). OrXmay produceaandbdirectly, but in essentially the same way (X—→a→b). OrXmay produce one of its effects (a) directly, and this primary product in turn conditions the other effect (b). This is a causal chain, (X→a→borX→b→a),one effect being subordinated to the other and following it in time. The primary effect may still be notice able when the secondary effect has developed; then we observe “pleiotropism” in space, whereas otherwise we observe it only in time. If more than two effects are conditioned byX, combinations of these three fundamental ways of causation may occur.