Evolution and structure of the Western Carpathians : an overview
Evolution and structure of the Western Carpathians : an overview
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
D. Plašienka;P. Grecula;M. Kováč
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作者：
D. Plašienka;P. Grecula;M. Kováč
这篇介绍性文章回顾了西喀尔巴阡山脉的位置、构造划分、组成、结构和演化的所有重要方面。重点是前第三纪历史，但也概述了新生代演化的最重要特征。有人主张将喀尔巴阡山脉分为外喀尔巴阡山脉、中喀尔巴阡山脉和内西喀尔巴阡山脉（分别为OWC、CWC和IWC）。第三纪 OWC 将阿尔卑斯山和喀尔巴阡山脉焊接成一个连贯的造山系统。 CWC 的斯洛伐克喀尔巴阡逆冲系统是南高山系统的直接延伸，IWC 的匈牙利喀尔巴阡单元与南阿尔卑斯带和迪纳里季带相连。 CWC 和 IWC 与东喀尔巴阡山脉和巴尔干半岛的主要单位没有直接联系。 CWC（TatraFatra 和 Vepor 带）的基底杂岩代表了内部瓦里斯坎带，具有中高级变质作用和丰富的花岗岩类岩体，最南端的 CWC（Gemer 带）代表了外部低等级的瓦里斯加增生杂岩体。 IWC 可能形成了瓦里斯坎前陆。越来越多的证据表明瓦里斯坎造山运动总体上位于南极地区。瓦里斯坎锋面因二叠纪-三叠纪裂谷而重新激活，形成了控制西喀尔巴阡山脉祖先中生代演化的楝海。这是由于沬海关闭后，CWC 中的地下室/覆盖层向北堆积所控制的。较年轻的外部、本宁-瓦希克海洋领域在白垩纪末期和古近纪期间被缝合。然后聚合向外推进至 OWC，这是一个覆盖前阿尔卑斯山北欧地台的巨大第三纪增生楔。 OWC洋壳俯冲回滚是腹地伸展、广泛的晚第三纪潘诺尼亚盆地系统和大量钙碱性火山活动形成的主要原因。喀尔巴阡山脉的辐合因新近纪而停止，在 OWC 下方沿弧线向东迁移的板片脱离。
This introductory article reviews all the important aspects of the position, tectonic division, composition, structure and evolution of the Western Carpathians. Emphasis is given to the pre-Tertiary history, but the most important features of the Cenozoic evolution are outlined as well. It is argued for the triple division into the Outer, Central and Inner Western Carpathians (OWC, CWC and IWC, respectively). The Tertiary OWC weld the Alps and Carpathians into a coherent orogenic system. The Slovakocarpathian thrust system of the CWC is an immediate extension of the Austroalpine system, and the Hungarocarpathian units of the IWC are linked to the South-Alpine and Dinaridic belts. Both the CWC and IWC have no direct connections to principal units of the Eastern Carpathians and Balkan. Basement complexes of the CWC (TatraFatra and Vepor Belts) represent the inner Variscan zones with mediumto high-grade metamorphism and abundant granitoid plutons, the southernmost CWC (Gemer Belt) represent the outer, low-grade Variscan accretionary complex. The IWC probably formed the Variscan foreland. There are increasing lines of evidence implying the generally southern polarity of the Variscan orogeny. The Variscan front was reactivated by Permian-Triassic rifting, creating the Meliatic ocean which controlled the Mesozoic evolution of the ancestral Western Carpathians. This was governed by northward stacking of basement/cover sheets in the CWC, following the closure of the Meliatic ocean. The younger outer, Penninic-Vahic oceanic realm was sutured during the latest Cretaceous and Paleogene. Then convergence prograded outward to the OWC, a huge Tertiary accretionary wedge overriding the pre-Alpine North European Platform. Subduction roll-back of the OWC oceanic crust was mainly responsible for the hinterland stretching, formation of the extensive Late Tertiary Pannonian Basin system and large volumes of calc-alkaline volcanism. The Carpathian convergence ceased by the Neogene, along-arc eastward migrating slab detachment below the OWC.