Attention immaturity in late adolescence: Conflict adaptation with value associated stimuli
Attention immaturity in late adolescence: Conflict adaptation with value associated stimuli
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青春期后期注意力不成熟：与价值相关刺激的冲突适应
DOI：
10.1167/15.12.1060
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Dodgson D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dodgson D
在侧翼干扰物存在时，目标和干扰物激活的不一致反应比激活的一致反应慢。当之前的试验也不一致时，这种减缓可以减少，这种效应称为冲突适应（CA）。CA是一种基于即时先验经验的注意力选择策略的瞬时修正。当认知控制是对当前事件的反应时，它就大；当控制是严格的目标驱动（主动）时，它就小，尽管刺激需求在变化。在这里，我们测量了青少年（~ 17岁）和成人（~ 29岁）的CA，以研究儿童晚期认知控制的发展。考虑到认知控制在青少年中被认为是被动的而不是主动的，我们预测这一组的CA更大。青少年也被认为对奖励关联反应过度，这表明奖励相关的不一致干扰物对这一群体来说应该是高度分散的，即使使用CA来限制干扰物的影响。为了进行调查，我们让所有参与者（成人和青少年）进行价值关联学习（其中抽象符号可靠地预测金钱赢、输或没有），然后在传统的侧板任务中使用价值相关刺激来测量CA。当分心物既不与赢钱也不与输钱相关时，CA显着(p<。0.05)青少年比成人更大（两组都观察到）。对于成年人来说，价值相关的分心物对CA的大小没有影响，而对于青少年来说，当侧翼球员与输赢相关时，明显存在较大的分心物干扰（减慢）。这种减缓不受先前试验中的反应冲突（导致CA效果崩溃）的影响。这些结果表明，当前刺激的动机显著性和最近经历的刺激的后果在迅速影响青少年的注意力方面特别有效。这些数据支持了认知控制在儿童后期仍在发展的更广泛的观点。
Speeded responding to targets in the presence of flanking distractors is slower when targets and distractors activate incongruent versus congruent responses. This slowing can be reduced when the preceding trial is also incongruent, an effect called conflict adaptation (CA). CA indexes a transient modification of attention selection strategy based on immediate prior experience. It is large when cognitive control is reactive to current events and smaller when control is tightly goal-driven (proactive), despite changing stimulus demands. Here, we measured CA in adolescents (~ 17 yrs) and adults (~ 29 yrs) to investigate late childhood development of cognitive control. Considering that cognitive control is thought to be more reactive than proactive in teens, we predicted larger CA in this group. Teens are also thought to be hyper-reactive to reward associations, suggesting that reward associated incongruent distractors should be highly distracting for this group even when CA is used to limit distractor effects. To investigate, we had all participants (adults and teens) undergo value association learning (wherein abstract symbols reliably predicted monetary wins, losses or nothing) and then used the value-associated stimuli in a conventional flanker task to measure CA. When distractors were associated with neither winning nor losing money, CA was significantly (p<. 05) larger for adolescents than for adults (and was observed for both groups). For adults, value-associated distractors had no effect on the magnitude of CA, whereas for adolescents, large distractor interference (slowing) was evident when flankers were win or loss associated. This slowing was unaffected by response conflict in the previous trial (causing CA effects to collapse). These results show that the motivational salience of current stimuli and the consequences of recently experienced stimuli are especially effective at rapidly influencing attention in teenagers. These data support the wider view that cognitive control is still developing in late childhood.