THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF DRY AND WET SEASON FORMS IN SOME TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES
THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF DRY AND WET SEASON FORMS IN SOME TROPICAL BUTTERFLIES
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00795.x
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发表时间：
1984-01-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
LARSEN, TB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BRAKEFIELD, PM;LARSEN, TB
解释开发的适应意义的形式特征的旱季和雨季的成年一代的一些热带蝴蝶。不同的表型占适应性反应之间的最佳平衡的转变依赖于替代（但相互依存）的主动反捕食者的设备和crypsis的策略。详细研究了红腹小蜂Melanitis leda（Fabricius）、Orsotrioena medus（Fabricius）和若虫Junonia almana（Linne）的季节性多型现象。雨季形式显示突出的边缘眼斑图案，这是显示在休息和功能主要是在偏转攻击的脊椎动物捕食者。旱季的形式显示非常小或没有斑点，完全是神秘的。一般来说，雨季的蝴蝶比旱季的蝴蝶更活跃，因为旱季的蝴蝶通常会进行夏眠。不同的表型代表了对行为、环境和捕食性质差异的反应。繁殖成功在每个季节通过表型和行为的相互作用进行优化。必须通过对特定物种的行为生态学和种群生物学的调查来详细检验这一假设。这些季节性的多型现象提供了适应不断变化的环境的重复模式的例子，在这种环境中，选择的模式从广义上讲是可以理解的。
An explanation is developed for the adaptive significance of the forms characteristic of the dry season and wet season adult generations of some tropical butterflies. The divergent phenotypes are accounted for as adaptive responses to a shift in the optimum balance between dependence on the alternative (but interdependent) strategies of active anti-predator devices and of crypsis. The seasonal polyphenisms exhibited by the satyrines Melanitis leda (Fabricius) and Orsotrioena medus (Fabricius) and the nymphalid Junonia almana (Linne) are examined in detail. The wet season forms show prominent marginal eyespot patterns which are displayed at rest and function principally in the deflection of attacks by vertebrate predators. The dry season forms show very small or no spots and are wholly cryptic. Wet season butterflies are more active in general than those in the dry season when aestivation behavior is often observed. The alternative phenotypes represent responses to the differences in behavior, environment and nature of predation. Reproductive success is optimized in each season by an interaction of phenotype and behavior. The hypothesis must be tested in detail by an investigation of the behavioral ecology and population biology of particular species. These seasonal polyphenisms provide examples of adaptations to a repeating pattern of changing environments where the mode of selection is, in broad terms, understood.