Phylogeography is not enough: The need for multiple lines of evidence
Phylogeography is not enough: The need for multiple lines of evidence
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系统发育地理学还不够：需要多方面的证据
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
Townsend Peterson
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作者：
Townsend Peterson
在地理学中，平衡和稳定的概念可能比人们普遍认识到的要短暂得多，在大多数情况下，不平衡实际上可能统治着这种情况（曼宁等人，2009）。也就是说，虽然研究人员可能会讨论目前的分布模式是固定的，但这些模式可能只存在了相对较短的时间（约10年），可能是自更新世末最后一个主要的全球凉爽期以来（图1）。尽管更新世气候波动被认为是物种志中的主要力量，并且一些人认为它们可能产生了当前物种多样性的大部分（Mengel 1970，Haffer 1997），更新世物种形成范式的有效性最近一直在激烈辩论-参见，例如，Klicka and Zink（1997）vs. Weir and Schluter（2004）.“更新世”经常被引用为一种地理学力量，但往往是不加批判地，也没有充分考虑过去百万年来世界气候的复杂性。也就是说，分子系统学家经常使用分子“时钟”，不精确地确定分裂事件的日期，通常置信区间太宽，以至于引起关注（Peterson 2007）;这些研究经常提到更新世气候波动，但没有具体细节，尽管随着更广泛地使用种群遗传方法来应对挑战，分裂事件的日期可能会提高（Arbogast et al. 2002）。更新世气候波动在地理学上的重要作用，这种普遍的认识至今还没有转化为许多地理学分析中对构成地理格局的关键事件的详细分析。特别是，更新世的特征是一系列复杂的温暖时期（类似于今天的气候）和寒冷时期（“冰河时代”），之间的过渡令人印象深刻（图2; Dansgaard等人1993）。尽管人们对最后一次盛冰期（距今约21，000年）的注意力相当集中，但实际上，所有这些温暖和寒冷气候的交替时期可能对目前的多样性和生物多样性分布模式产生了一些影响（Svenning和Skov 2004）。这篇评论的目的是反思这种反复和剧烈的全球气候波动在塑造物种分布模式方面可能产生的影响，并强调需要更广泛的系统地理学是不够的：汤森彼得森
The concepts of equilibrium and stability in biogeography are perhaps much more fleeting than has generally been appreciated, and disequilibrium may actually rule the situation in most cases (Manning et al. 2009). That is, although researchers may discuss current distributional patterns as fixed, those patterns may have been in place only for a relatively short period of time (~10 yr), perhaps since the last major global cool period at the end of the Pleistocene (Figure 1). Although Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have been considered a major force in biogeography, and some have argued that they may have produced much of current species diversity (Mengel 1970, Haffer 1997), the validity of the Pleistocene speciation paradigm has been debated hotly recently—see, e.g., Klicka and Zink (1997) versus Weir and Schluter (2004). “The Pleistocene” is often cited as a biogeographic force, but too often uncritically and without full consideration of the complexity of world climates over the past million years. That is, molecular systematists frequently use molecular “clocks” that date splitting events imprecisely, usually with confidence intervals so broad as to inspire concern (Peterson 2007); these studies often refer to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, but with no specifics, although the ability to date splitting events may improve with broader use of population-genetic approaches to the challenge (Arbogast et al. 2002). This general appreciation of the role of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations as important biogeographically nonetheless has not to date translated into detailed analyses of key events structuring biogeographic patterns in many phylogeographic analyses. In particular, the Pleistocene was characterized by a complex series of warm periods (similar to present-day climates) and cold periods (“ice ages”), with impressively short transitions in between (Figure 2; Dansgaard et al. 1993). Although considerable attention has focused on the last of the glacial maxima (~21,000 yr before present), in reality, all of these alternating periods of warm and cold climates probably had some influence on present patterns of diversity and distribution of biodiversity (Svenning and Skov 2004). The purpose of this commentary is to reflect on likely effects of such repeated and dramatic global climate fluctuations in shaping patterns of distribution of species, and to emphasize the need for broader Phylogeography is not enough: The need for multiple lines of evidence A. Townsend Peterson