ON THE ENJOYMENT OF LISTENING TO MUSIC
ON THE ENJOYMENT OF LISTENING TO MUSIC
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DOI：
10.1080/21674086.1950.11925787
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发表时间：
1950-01-01
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Levarie, Siegmund
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kohut, Heinz;Levarie, Siegmund
不是每个人都是音乐家，但可能没有人完全缺乏通过音乐体验快乐的能力。没有一个民族、文化或时期没有某种形式的音乐。这种普遍现象必须满足人类根深蒂固的需要;它必须是对重要心理群体的反应。音乐的心理学基础究竟是提供主要动机的单一因素，还是多种可变因素，其中没有一种因素是不可忽视的，但它们共同产生了必要的动机;或者是一种基本的心理需求与各种辅助动机的结合这些都是神学家和哲学家们提出并试图以各种方式回答的问题。亚里士多德认为所有艺术形式的基础都是模仿。他声称（。2)音乐在艺术中有着特殊的地位，因为它模仿的不是事物的外表，而是人物的性格--用他的语言来说，就是激情和美德。非常相似，虽然用不同的术语，叔本华（。25），也给音乐一个特殊的区别的位置。他说，其他艺术形式只是意志的间接对象化，而“音乐是意志本身的复制品”。虽然很难将亚里士多德的“性格”或叔本华的“意志”等哲学概念翻译成现代心理学的词汇，但人们倾向于相信它们与反社会的，非理性的，情感的或本能的激励力量有关-简而言之，类似的考虑可能导致康德（I6）将音乐排在艺术的最低位。他也发现
Not everybody is musical, but probably nobody lacks entirely the ability to experience some pleasure through music. There is no nation, culture, or period in which some form of music has not existed. Such a universal phenomenon must fulfil a deeply rooted human need; it must be the response to important psychological constellations. Whether the psychological basis for music be a single factor supplying a prime motivation; or a multiplicity of variable factors of which none may be indis pensable, but which together bring about the necessary motiva tion; or a combination of one essential psychological need with various auxiliary motivations-these are questions which theo rists and philosophers have asked and attempted to answer in various ways.Aristotle saw the basis for all art forms in the principle of imitation. He claims (. 2) that music has a special position among the arts because it imitates not the external aspects of objects, but character-in his language, the passions and virtues. Quite similarly, although in different terms, Schopenhauer (. 25), too, gives music a position of special distinction. Other art forms, he says, are only indirect objectifications of the will, while'music is the copy of the will itself'. While it is difficult to trans late such philosophical concepts as Aristotle's' character'or Schopenhauer's' will'into the vocabulary of modern psychology, one feels inclined to believe that they are related to the asocial, nonreasonable, emotional, or instinctual motivating forces-in short, to that part of the anatomy of the mental apparatus which Freud calls the id. Similar considerations probably led Kant (I6) to rank music lowest among the arts. He, too, finds