Trade-Offs between Economic and Environmental Impacts of Introducing Legumes into Cropping Systems.
Trade-Offs between Economic and Environmental Impacts of Introducing Legumes into Cropping Systems.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2016.00669
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Bachinger J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reckling M;Bergkvist G;Watson CA;Stoddard FL;Zander PM;Walker RL;Pristeri A;Toncea I;Bachinger J
欧洲的农业高度专业化，依赖外部投入，并对环境造成负面影响。豆类作物的种植面积不到2%，蛋白质饲料补充剂70%以上的需求来自海外。将豆类作物纳入种植系统，有可能有助于向资源效率更高的农业过渡，并减少目前的蛋白质赤字。豆科作物影响轮作中其他作物的生产，因此很难评估豆科作物在种植制度中的整体农艺效应。制定了一个新的评估框架，并在欧洲五个案例研究区域进行了应用，目的是评估将豆类作物纳入种植制度的经济和环境影响之间的权衡。在所有案例研究中，当豆类被纳入各种种植制度时，会产生积极和消极的影响。平均而言，与不种植豆类作物相比，种植豆类作物的农田系统和饲料系统的一氧化二氮排放量分别减少了18%和33%，氮肥使用量分别减少了24%和38%。在耕作系统中，种植豆类作物与不种植豆类作物的硝酸盐淋失情况相似，而在饲草系统中，硝酸盐淋失减少了22%。然而，谷物豆类降低了5个地区中的3个地区的毛利率。饲用豆类在3个地区中有3个增加了毛利率。在豆科作物种植制度中，可以确定既有较高的经济效益又有积极的环境影响的制度。因此，增加豆类种植可以带来具有经济竞争力的种植制度和积极的环境影响，但要实现这一目标，需要在顾问和农民的参与下制定新的管理战略。
Europe's agriculture is highly specialized, dependent on external inputs and responsible for negative environmental impacts. Legume crops are grown on less than 2% of the arable land and more than 70% of the demand for protein feed supplement is imported from overseas. The integration of legumes into cropping systems has the potential to contribute to the transition to a more resource-efficient agriculture and reduce the current protein deficit. Legume crops influence the production of other crops in the rotation making it difficult to evaluate the overall agronomic effects of legumes in cropping systems. A novel assessment framework was developed and applied in five case study regions across Europe with the objective of evaluating trade-offs between economic and environmental effects of integrating legumes into cropping systems. Legumes resulted in positive and negative impacts when integrated into various cropping systems across the case studies. On average, cropping systems with legumes reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 18 and 33% and N fertilizer use by 24 and 38% in arable and forage systems, respectively, compared to systems without legumes. Nitrate leaching was similar with and without legumes in arable systems and reduced by 22% in forage systems. However, grain legumes reduced gross margins in 3 of 5 regions. Forage legumes increased gross margins in 3 of 3 regions. Among the cropping systems with legumes, systems could be identified that had both relatively high economic returns and positive environmental impacts. Thus, increasing the cultivation of legumes could lead to economic competitive cropping systems and positive environmental impacts, but achieving this aim requires the development of novel management strategies informed by the involvement of advisors and farmers.