Revolutionary visible and infrared sensor detectors for the most advanced astronomical AO systems
Revolutionary visible and infrared sensor detectors for the most advanced astronomical AO systems
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适用于最先进天文 AO 系统的革命性可见光和红外传感器探测器
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
Jean
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文献类型：
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作者：
P. Feautrier;J. Gach;S. Guieu;M. Downing;P. Jorden;J. Rothman;E. de Borniol;P. Balard;E. Stadler;C. Guillaume;D. Boutolleau;J. Coussement;J. Kolb;N. Hubin;S. Derelle;C. Robert;J. Tanchon;T. Trollier;A. Ravex;G. Zins;P. Kern;T. Moulin;S. Rochat;Alain Delpoulbé;Jean
本文报道了需要快速运算的天文应用中探测器的研制取得的决定性进展。自CCD220和OCAM2取得重大成功以来，欧洲开始开发新的可见光和红外波长探测器。由ESO和FP7 Opticon欧洲网络资助，NGSD CMOS器件完全致力于E-ELT的自然和激光导星AO，并有ESO的大力参与。NGSD将是一个880x840像素的CMOS检测器，在700 Hz帧速率下，读出噪声为3 e（目标1e），并提供数字输出。基于这种CMOS器件的相机开发也由Opticon欧洲网络资助，正在进行中。另一个主要的AO波前传感探测器的发展涉及基于雪崩光电二极管（e- APD）阵列的红外探测器在RAPID项目。由SOFRADIR和CEA/LETI制造商开发，后者提供320x255 8输出30微米红外阵列，灵敏度从0.4到3微米，在1600 fps下读出噪声小于2 e。当不需要全帧读出时，矩形窗口也可以被编程为加快帧速率。高QE响应，在70%的范围内，在这个波长范围内几乎是平坦的。先进的封装与微型低温恒温器使用脉冲管制冷机是在这个程序的框架内开发的，以便允许在任何类型的环境中使用这个探测器。本文给出了该器件的表征结果。在1600 fps下，用3微米波长的截止芯片测量了低至1.7 e的读出噪声，并在光电二极管有限极化为8V的情况下获得了14倍增益。该器件还具有良好的线性度，低于1%。脉冲管冷却允许智能和容易冷却到55 K。使用质心测量和FFT测量进行的振动研究证明，微型脉冲管不会对光学工作台产生可测量的振动，允许在非常苛刻的环境条件下使用这种没有液氮的冷却装置。2014年6月，该装置在欧洲空间局VLTi的PIONIER 4望远镜波束合并器上进行了一次成功的天空测试。First Light Imaging公司将在其专有的波前传感器相机平台上商业化使用APD红外阵列的相机系统。这些项目有几个合作伙伴，其中包括法国天文实验室（LAM， OHP， IPAG），探测器制造商（e2v技术，Sofradir, CEA/LETI）和其他合作伙伴（ESO， ONERA， IAC， GTC, First Light Imaging）。资助：Opticon FP7来自欧盟委员会、ESO、CNRS和普罗旺斯大学、Sofradir、ONERA、CEA/LETI、法国FUI （DGCIS）、FOCUS Labex和OSEO。
We report in this paper decisive advance on the detector development for the astronomical applications that require very fast operation. Since the CCD220 and OCAM2 major success, new detector developments started in Europe either for visible and IR wavelengths. Funded by ESO and the FP7 Opticon European network, the NGSD CMOS device is fully dedicated to Natural and Laser Guide Star AO for the E-ELT with strong ESO involvement. The NGSD will be a 880x840 pixels CMOS detector with a readout noise of 3 e (goal 1e) at 700 Hz frame rate and providing digital outputs. A camera development, based on this CMOS device and also funded by the Opticon European network, is ongoing. Another major AO wavefront sensing detector development concerns IR detectors based on Avalanche Photodiode (e- APD) arrays within the RAPID project. Developed by the SOFRADIR and CEA/LETI manufacturers, the latter offers a 320x255 8 outputs 30 microns IR array, sensitive from 0.4 to 3 microns, with less than 2 e readout noise at 1600 fps. A rectangular window can also be programmed to speed up even more the frame rate when the full frame readout is not required. The high QE response, in the range of 70%, is almost flat over this wavelength range. Advanced packaging with miniature cryostat using pulse tube cryocoolers was developed in the frame of this programme in order to allow use on this detector in any type of environment. The characterization results of this device are presented here. Readout noise as low as 1.7 e at 1600 fps has been measured with a 3 microns wavelength cut-off chip and a multiplication gain of 14 obtained with a limited photodiode polarization of 8V. This device also exhibits excellent linearity, lower than 1%. The pulse tube cooling allows smart and easy cooling down to 55 K. Vibrations investigations using centroiding and FFT measurements were performed proving that the miniature pulse tube does not induce measurable vibrations to the optical bench, allowing use of this cooled device without liquid nitrogen in very demanding environmental conditions. A successful test of this device was performed on sky on the PIONIER 4 telescopes beam combiner on the VLTi at ESOParanal in June 2014. First Light Imaging, which will commercialize a camera system using also APD infrared arrays in its proprietary wavefront sensor camera platform. These programs are held with several partners, among them are the French astronomical laboratories (LAM, OHP, IPAG), the detector manufacturers (e2v technologies, Sofradir, CEA/LETI) and other partners (ESO, ONERA, IAC, GTC, First Light Imaging). Funding is: Opticon FP7 from European Commission, ESO, CNRS and Université de Provence, Sofradir, ONERA, CEA/LETI the French FUI (DGCIS), the FOCUS Labex and OSEO.