Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths
Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1907847116
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发表时间：
2019-11-05
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Breinholt, Jesse W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kawahara, Akito Y.;Plotkin, David;Breinholt, Jesse W.
蝴蝶和蛾类(鳞翅目)是主要的超辐射昆虫之一，包括近16万种已描述的现存物种。鳞翅目昆虫作为食草动物、传粉者和猎物，在几乎所有陆地生态系统中都扮演着重要的角色。鳞翅目昆虫也是环境变化的指示物，也是模仿和遗传学研究的模型。它们一直是共同进化假说发展的核心，比如蝴蝶和开花植物，以及飞蛾和回声定位蝙蝠的进化军备竞赛。然而，这些假说还没有得到严格的检验，因为缺乏强有力的鳞翅目系统发育和进化新颖性的时间。为了解决这些问题，我们使用为该目收集的最大数据集(来自186个物种的转录本的2,098个同源蛋白编码基因，代表几乎所有的超科)，并用仔细评估的基于同形异形的化石来推断鳞翅目的全面系统发育。鳞翅目冠群中最古老的成员出现在晚石炭世(约300 Ma)，以非维管陆地植物为食。鳞翅目在中三叠世(类似于241 Ma)进化出管状喙，这使得它们能够从开花的植物中获取花蜜。这种形态上的创新，以及其他特征，可能促进了超家族水平鳞翅目昆虫冠群的异常多样化。蝴蝶的祖先可能是夜间活动的，我们的结果表明，蝴蝶在白垩纪晚期(类似于98 Ma)开始白天飞行。在飞蛾和蝙蝠之间的进化军备竞赛之前，飞蛾的听觉器官出现了多次，可能最初探测到了广泛的声音频率，然后被选为专门探测蝙蝠声纳。我们的研究为未来蝴蝶和飞蛾进化的比较研究提供了一个必要的框架。
Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the major super-radiations of insects, comprising nearly 160,000 described extant species. As herbivores, pollinators, and prey, Lepidoptera play a fundamental role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem. Lepidoptera are also indicators of environmental change and serve as models for research on mimicry and genetics. They have been central to the development of coevolutionary hypotheses, such as butterflies with flowering plants and moths' evolutionary arms race with echolocating bats. However, these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested, because a robust lepidopteran phylogeny and timing of evolutionary novelties are lacking. To address these issues, we inferred a comprehensive phylogeny of Lepidoptera, using the largest dataset assembled for the order (2,098 orthologous protein-coding genes from transcriptomes of 186 species, representing nearly all superfamilies), and dated it with carefully evaluated synapomorphy-based fossils. The oldest members of the Lepidoptera crown group appeared in the Late Carboniferous (similar to 300 Ma) and fed on nonvascular land plants. Lepidoptera evolved the tube-like proboscis in the Middle Triassic (similar to 241 Ma), which allowed them to acquire nectar from flowering plants. This morphological innovation, along with other traits, likely promoted the extraordinary diversification of superfamily-level lepidopteran crown groups. The ancestor of butterflies was likely nocturnal, and our results indicate that butterflies became day-flying in the Late Cretaceous (similar to 98 Ma). Moth hearing organs arose multiple times before the evolutionary arms race between moths and bats, perhaps initially detecting a wide range of sound frequencies before being co-opted to specifically detect bat sonar. Our study provides an essential framework for future comparative studies on butterfly and moth evolution.