Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg code
Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg code
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DOI：
10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1445
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发表时间：
1996-12-07
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Winau, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Vollmann, J;Winau, R
20世纪30年代和40年代，德国的医学实验伦理问题在纽伦堡审判以及对医生和公共卫生官员的相关审判中至关重要。那些参与可怕罪行的人试图为自己开脱，他们辩称，在此期间，德国没有明确的规则来管理对人类的医学研究，德国的研究实践与盟国没有什么不同。在这种情况下，1947年的纽伦堡法典被普遍认为是第一份在知情同意的基础上规定人体实验道德规范的文件。然而，新的研究表明，早在世纪，人类实验指南中的知情同意的伦理问题就被认识到了。这些准则阐明了自主权、知情同意以及治疗性和非治疗性研究的概念何时首次出现这一仍有争议的问题。在目前试图评估第二次世界大战以来在美国、加拿大、俄罗斯和其他国家进行的各种实验中虐待人的责任和义务的背景下，这个问题具有新的重要性。
The issue of ethics with respect to medical experimentation in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s was crucial at the Nuremberg trials and related trials of doctors and public health officials. Those involved in horrible crimes attempted to excuse themselves by arguing that there were no explicit rules governing medical research on human beings in Germany during the period and that research practices in Germany were not different from those in allied countries. In this context the Nuremberg code of 1947 is generally regarded as the first document to set out ethical regulations in human experimentation based on informed consent. New research, however, indicates that ethical issues of informed consent in guidelines for human experimentation were recognised as early as the nineteenth century. These guidelines shed light on the still contentious issue of when the concepts of autonomy, informed consent, and therapeutic and non-therapeutic research first emerged. This issue assumes renewed importance in the context of current attempts to assess liability and responsibility for the abuse of people in various experiments conducted since the second world war in the United States, Canada, Russia, and other nations.