Testing a seismic scenario for the damage of the Neolithic wooden well of Erkelenz-Kückhoven, Germany
Testing a seismic scenario for the damage of the Neolithic wooden well of Erkelenz-Kückhoven, Germany
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测试德国埃尔克伦茨-库克霍芬新石器时代木井损坏的地震情景
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Weiner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Hinzen;J. Weiner
1989年至1992年，在下莱茵湾埃尔克伦茨附近发现并挖掘了一口新石器时代的木井。这座建筑大小为3×3米，深13米，在当时是异常巨大的。较大的外框包含两个较小的框，它们的构造可以被解释为试图修复损坏的原始油井。外箱由160个长约3米的橡木构件按堡垒方法建造。根据年代学分析，大盒子的年代为公元前5090年，两个小盒子的年代为公元前5057±5BC。在大约8米深的地方，大盒子的几个部件被垂直剪切掉，破碎的部分向内和向下移动。造成这一损害的原因尚未确定。由于该井距离下莱茵湾的一条活动构造断裂仅3公里，因此本文对该井的震源进行了探讨和验证。这一问题与确定现今中等地震活动地区的地震危险性有关，但从古地震记录中记录了发生强烈地表破裂地震的情况。首先，用总体积约为540-550立方米的施工坑岩土模型来证明露天矿在建井过程中的稳定性，并帮助解释该井是如何建造的。对6.2级和6.8级两次模拟地震，用理论推导出的井点地面运动对孕震假说进行了确定性检验。用套管的有限元模型计算的地面变形和相对位移太小，不能解释记录的损害。在其他潜在的损害来源中，木材元素的膨胀、收缩或腐烂是可能的解释；然而，这个问题的确凿答案仍有待找到。
Abstract A Neolithic wooden well was discovered and excavated between 1989 and 1992 near Erkelenz in the Lower Rhine Embayment. The construction, 3×3 m in size and 13 m deep, was exceptionally large for its time. The larger outer box-frame contained two smaller frames whose construction could be interpreted as an attempt to repair the damaged original well. The outer box was made from 160 oak elements of about 3 m length built in the blockhouse method. The large box is dated to 5090 bc and the two smaller ones to 5057±5 bc by dendrochronological analysis. At c. 8 m depth several elements of the large box are vertically sheared off and the broken parts moved inward and downward. The cause of this damage has not yet been determined. As the well is located only 3 km from one of the active tectonic faults in the Lower Rhine Embayment, a seismogenic origin of the damage is considered and tested in this paper. This question has relevance for determination of seismic hazard in an area with present-day moderate seismicity but documented occurrence of strong surface-rupturing earthquakes from the palaeoseismic record. First, a geotechnical model for the construction pit with a total volume of c. 540–550 m3 is used to prove the stability of the open pit during well construction and to help explain how the well was built. The seismogenic hypothesis is tested in a deterministic approach using theoretically derived ground motion at the site of the well for two simulated earthquakes with magnitudes 6.2 and 6.8. Ground deformation and relative displacement calculated with a finite element model of the casing are found to be too small to account for the documented damage. Among other potential sources of damage, swelling, shrinking or rotting of the wood elements are possible explanations; however, a conclusive answer to this question remains to be found.