Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation
Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation
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DOI：
10.1890/1051-0761(1998)8
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发表时间：
1998-02-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Carr, MH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allison, GW;Lubchenco, J;Carr, MH
人类对海洋系统的巨大压力促使人们加强海洋保护工作。近年来，海洋保护区已成为一种备受推崇的海洋保护形式，新划定的保护区数量急剧增加。保护区对保护工作至关重要，因为它们可以为关键地区提供独特的保护，可以为被严重开发的物种提供空间逃避，并且可以作为缓冲区，防止一些管理错误和不可预见或不寻常的情况。更好地利用现有的科学认识，可以大大改善保护区的设计和有效性。然而，保护区本身并不足以提供保护，因为它们并没有与所有严重影响隔离开来。居住在海洋保护区内的社区受到不断流经保护区的水体的高度可变条件的强烈影响。与陆地系统相比，基本过程（如种群补充）的规模往往远远大于储备所能涵盖的范围。此外，它们不能提供保护，使其免受化学品污染等一些重要威胁。因此，如果保护区以外的物种和生态系统得不到充分保护，保护区的有效性将受到严重影响。我们概述了条件下，保护区可能是有效的，提供了一些指导方针，以增加其保护潜力，并建议一些研究重点，以填补关键的信息空白。我们坚决支持大幅增加海洋保护区的数量和规模;与此同时，保护区以外的强有力的保护工作必须补充这一努力。迄今为止，大多数保护区的设计和选址都没有什么科学依据。他们必须开始这样做，以增加实现保护目标的可能性。
The intensity of human pressure on marine systems has led to a push for stronger marine conservation efforts. Recently, marine reserves have become one highly advocated form of marine conservation, and the number of newly designated reserves has increased dramatically. Reserves will be essential for conservation efforts because they can provide unique protection for critical areas, they can provide a spatial escape for intensely exploited species, and they can potentially act as buffers against some management miscalculations and unforeseen or unusual conditions. Reserve design and effectiveness can be dramatically improved by better use of existing scientific understanding. Reserves are insufficient protection alone, however, because they are not isolated from all critical impacts. Communities residing within marine reserves are strongly influenced by the highly variable conditions of the water masses that continuously flow through them. To a much greater degree than in terrestrial systems, the scales of fundamental processes, such as population replenishment, are often much larger than reserves can encompass. Further, they offer no protection from some important threats, such as contamination by chemicals. Therefore, without adequate protection of species and ecosystems outside reserves, effectiveness of reserves will be severely compromised. We outline conditions under which reserves are likely to be effective, provide some guidelines for increasing their conservation potential, and suggest some research priorities to fill critical information gaps. We strongly support vastly increasing the number and size of marine reserves; at that same time, strong conservation efforts outside reserves must complement this effort. To date, most reserve design and site selection have involved little scientific justification. They must begin to do so to increase the likelihood of attaining conservation objectives.