Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity
Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity
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正义与生物多样性公约
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Thomas Pogge
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Schroeder;Thomas Pogge
司法与《生物多样性公约》多丽丝·施罗德和托马斯·波格1992年《生物多样性公约》所设想的利益分享是国际法中一个相对较新的概念。在非人类生物资源方面，它的目的是通过确保生物多样性的保管人因保护生物多样性而得到适当报酬，来保障生物多样性的保护及其可持续利用。在《生物多样性公约》通过之前，生物资源的获取常常被视为人人可以自由获取。生物勘探者能够从其自然栖息地中获取资源并开发商业产品，而无需与国家或当地社区分享利益。本文探讨了CBD式的利益分享如何融入正义辩论。有人认为，《生物多样性公约》是一套旨在增加社会效用的社会规则的一个例子。还有人认为，具有内在惠益分享机制的人类共同遗产原则比赋予非人类生物资源官僚产权更可取。然而，只要国际经济秩序的特点是严重的分配不公，正如发展中国家与贫困有关的巨大死亡人数所反映的那样，任何有利于弱势群体的道德上可接受的纠正平衡的手段都必须受到欢迎。《生物多样性公约》通过立法建立了一个涵盖非人类生物资源的交换正义制度，而不是一种人人自由的情况，从而在纠正分配正义平衡方面向前迈出了一小步。因此，它提出了对21世纪国际关系背景敏感的公正立法。
Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity Doris Schroeder and Thomas Pogge Benefit sharing as envisaged by the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a relatively new idea in international law. Within the context of non-human biological resources, it aims to guarantee the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use by ensuring that its custodians are adequately rewarded for its preservation. Prior to the adoption of the CBD, access to biological resources was frequently regarded as a free-for-all. Bioprospectors were able to take resources out of their natural habitat and develop commercial products without sharing benefits with states or local communities. This paper asks how CBD-style benefit-sharing fits into debates of justice. It is argued that the CBD is an example of a set of social rules designed to increase social utility. It is also argued that a common heritage of humankind principle with inbuilt benefit-sharing mechanisms would be preferable to assigning bureaucratic property rights to non-human biological resources. However, as long as the international economic order is characterized by serious distributive injustices, as reflected in the enormous poverty-related death toll in developing countries, any morally acceptable means toward redressing the balance in favor of the disadvantaged has to be welcomed. By legislating for a system of justice-in-exchange covering nonhuman biological resources in preference to a free-for-all situation, the CBD provides a small step forward in redressing the distributive justice balance. It therefore presents just legislation sensitive to the international relations context in the 21st century.