Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies
Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies
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DOI：
10.3390/su131910639
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发表时间：
2021-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Berecibar, Maitane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Al-Saadi, Mohammed;Patkowski, Bartosz;Berecibar, Maitane
这项工作展示了波兰Jaworzno的23辆重型（HD）公共电动巴士（e-bus）的真实演示，有三种长度：8.9 m，12 m和18 m。电动公交车演示基于基准电动公交车的开发，以优化基于技术优化的运营成本。该演示旨在将公共交通从内燃机车辆（ICEV）转换为电动车辆，以最大限度地减少二氧化碳排放。电动巴士配备了标准的充电解决方案，即使用组合充电系统类型2（CCS 2，Combo 2）和集电弓（类型B）的插入式充电。CCS 2解决方案用于电动巴士运营商的车辆段内的夜间慢速/正常充电（NC），而受电弓充电解决方案则安装在电动巴士路线的沿着，并在电动巴士短时间停止时用于快速充电（FC）。在Jaworzno，电动巴士运营商的车辆段内有20个带有CCS 2的充电器，还有12个受电弓上升（B型解决方案）快速充电站。这项工作研究了电动公交车队的技术运营和运营成本，以及NC和FC解决方案对锂离子电池组和电网的影响。为研究电动公交车队整合对配电网的影响，对基于负荷转移的非协调/标准和协调充电（智能充电）进行了研究。本研究中利用的数据是从安装在电子总线上的数据记录器设备中收集的，该设备记录了超过46个信号。收集了一年多的数据，并对一些样本数据进行了处理和分析，以研究电动巴士车队的技术和经济运营。
This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.