Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management
Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management
复制标题
环境砷暴露及其对人类疾病的贡献、毒性机制和管理
DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117940
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发表时间：
2021-08-13
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Ichihara, Sahoko
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rahaman, Md. Shiblur;Rahman, Md. Mostafizur;Ichihara, Sahoko
砷是一种公认的环境污染物，通过地质过程自然存在于含水层中。全世界有2亿多人可能接触到高水平的砷，主要来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。许多不利的健康影响，包括皮肤病（即，砷中毒、角化过度、色素沉着变化）、致癌作用和神经系统疾病。此外，最近的研究表明，砷会导致糖尿病和心血管疾病等非传染性疾病的发病。砷诱发糖尿病的机制包括胰腺β细胞功能障碍和死亡、胰岛素分泌受损、胰岛素抵抗和细胞葡萄糖转运减少。而目前认为砷致高血压的机制主要是氧化应激、一氧化氮（NO）信号通路紊乱、血管对神经递质的反应性改变和血管肌钙（Ca ~（2+））信号通路受损、肾脏损害以及对肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）的干扰。然而，砷暴露对非传染性疾病的影响是复杂和多方面的，关于砷引起的非传染性疾病所涉及的分子机制的信息很少，也没有确定合适的治疗靶点。因此，今后有必要开展更多的基础研究，以确定治疗和管理砷引起的非传染性疾病的适当治疗靶点。一些报告表明，每日均衡饮食加上适当的营养补充剂（维生素、微量营养素、天然抗氧化剂）已证明可有效减少砷暴露造成的损害。通过天然化合物或营养保健品进行砷解毒被认为是一种具有成本效益的治疗/管理方法，研究人员应关注这些替代方案。本文探讨了地下水中砷污染的情景，重点关注公共卫生问题。它还展示了砷的来源，生物化学，毒性机制与治疗目标，砷中毒相关的人类疾病，心血管疾病的发病以及砷毒性的可行管理方案。
Arsenic is a well-recognized environmental contaminant that occurs naturally through geogenic processes in the aquifer. More than 200 million people around the world are potentially exposed to the elevated level of arsenic mostly from Asia and Latin America. Many adverse health effects including skin diseases (i.e., arsenicosis, hyperkeratosis, pigmentation changes), carcinogenesis, and neurological diseases have been reported due to arsenic exposure. In addition, arsenic has recently been shown to contribute to the onset of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced diabetes are pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and death, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and reduced cellular glucose transport. Whereas, the most proposed mechanisms of arsenic-induced hypertension are oxidative stress, disruption of nitric oxide signaling, altered vascular response to neurotransmitters and impaired vascular muscle calcium (Ca2+) signaling, damage of renal, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the contributions of arsenic exposure to non-communicable diseases are complex and multifaceted, and little information is available about the molecular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases and also no suitable therapeutic target identified yet. Therefore, in the future, more basic research is necessary to identify the appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment and management of arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases. Several reports demonstrated that a daily balanced diet with proper nutrient supplements (vitamins, micronutrients, natural antioxidants) has shown effective to reduce the damages caused by arsenic exposure. Arsenic detoxication through natural compounds or nutraceuticals is considered a costeffective treatment/management and researchers should focus on these alternative options. This review paper explores the scenarios of arsenic contamination in groundwater with an emphasis on public health concerns. It also demonstrated arsenic sources, biogeochemistry, toxicity mechanisms with therapeutic targets, arsenic exposure-related human diseases, and onsets of cardiovascular diseases as well as feasible management options for arsenic toxicity.