Immediate-Early (IE) gene regulation of cytomegalovirus: IE1- and pp71-mediated viral strategies against cellular defenses.
Immediate-Early (IE) gene regulation of cytomegalovirus: IE1- and pp71-mediated viral strategies against cellular defenses.
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DOI：
10.1007/s12250-014-3532-9
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发表时间：
2014-12
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Tang Q
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Torres L;Tang Q
人类巨细胞病毒（HCMV）的研究面临三个关键障碍：严格的种属特异性、体内和体外感染的差异以及基因调控的复杂性。自CMV全基因组测序完成以来，对单个基因的功能研究一直是CMV研究领域的主流。因此，基因调控已被阐明在一个更详细的方式。然而，病毒基因调控在很大程度上受细胞和病毒组分的控制。换句话说，病毒基因表达由病毒与宿主的相互作用决定。一般来说，细胞以防御模式对病毒感染作出反应;同时，病毒试图抵消细胞防御或隐藏在宿主中（潜伏期）。病毒进化出有效的策略来对抗细胞防御，以获得复制成功。无论它们是否成功，细胞防御仍然存在于整个病毒复制周期中：进入，立即早期（IE）基因表达，早期基因表达，DNA复制，晚期基因表达和病毒外出。许多针对细胞防御的病毒策略都已被记录下来，这些策略发生在病毒感染的早期。在这篇综述中，我们将总结IE 1和pp 71蛋白的生物学功能，特别是关于它们如何抵消细胞的内在防御。
Three crucial hurdles hinder studies on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV): strict species specificity, differences between in vivo and in vitro infection, and the complexity of gene regulation. Ever since the sequencing of the whole genome was first accomplished, functional studies on individual genes have been the mainstream in the CMV field. Gene regulation has therefore been elucidated in a more detailed fashion. However, viral gene regulation is largely controlled by both cellular and viral components. In other words, viral gene expression is determined by the virus–host interaction. Generally, cells respond to viral infection in a defensive pattern; at the same time, viruses try to counteract the cellular defense or else hide in the host (latency). Viruses evolve effective strategies against cellular defense in order to achieve replicative success. Whether or not they are successful, cellular defenses remain in the whole viral replication cycle: entry, immediate–early (IE) gene expression, early gene expression, DNA replication, late gene expression, and viral egress. Many viral strategies against cellular defense, and which occur in the immediate–early time of viral infection, have been documented. In this review, we will summarize the documented biological functions of IE1 and pp71 proteins, especially with regard to how they counteract cellular intrinsic defenses.