Sex Differences in Impulsivity: A Meta-Analysis
Sex Differences in Impulsivity: A Meta-Analysis
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DOI：
10.1037/a0021591
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Campbell, Anne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cross, Catharine P.;Copping, Lee T.;Campbell, Anne
男性在社会问题行为中的比例过高，例如攻击性和犯罪行为，这些行为与冲动有关。我们对冲动性的回顾是围绕着奖励超敏性、惩罚低敏性和努力控制不足这三个理论区分来组织的。根据进化论、犯罪学、发展和人格理论，我们预测，在危险活动中，性别差异最为明显，男性表现出更大的感觉寻求、更高的奖励敏感性和更低的惩罚敏感性。我们预测女性在努力控制方面会有一点优势。我们分析了来自277项研究的741个效应量，包括心理测量和行为测量。女性对惩罚更敏感（d = -0.33），但男性对奖励的敏感性并不高（d = 0.01）。男性在问卷测量（d = 0.41）和行为冒险任务（d = 0.36）上表现出显着更高的感觉寻求。在努力控制赤字的问卷调查措施显示，在男性方向（d = 0.08）的影响非常温和的大小。在延迟折扣和执行功能任务上没有发现性别差异。结果表明，更强的性别差异的动机，而不是努力或执行形式的行为控制。具体来说，他们支持进化论和生物学理论的风险承担预测的性别差异的惩罚敏感性。要更清楚地理解冲动性的性别差异，需要认识到感觉寻求和冲动性之间、执行控制和努力控制之间、冲动性作为缺陷和作为特质之间的重要区别。
Men are overrepresented in socially problematic behaviors, such as aggression and criminal behavior, which have been linked to impulsivity. Our review of impulsivity is organized around the tripartite theoretical distinction between reward hypersensitivity, punishment hyposensitivity, and inadequate effortful control. Drawing on evolution try, criminological, developmental, and personality theories, we predicted that sex differences would be most pronounced in risky activities with men demonstrating greater sensation seeking, greater reward sensitivity, and lower punishment sensitivity. We predicted a small female advantage in effortful control. We analyzed 741 effect sizes from 277 studies, including psychometric and behavioral measures. Women were consistently more punishment sensitive (d = -0.33), but men did not show greater reward sensitivity (d = 0.01). Men showed significantly higher sensation seeking on questionnaire mea lures (d = 0.41) and on a behavioral risk-taking task (d = 0.36). Questionnaire measures of deficits in effortful control showed a very modest effect size in the male direction (d = 0.08). Sex differences were not found on delay discounting or executive function tasks. The results indicate a stronger sex difference in motivational rather than effortful or executive forms of behavior control. Specifically, they support evolutionary and biological theories of risk taking predicated on sex differences in punishment sensitivity. A clearer understanding of sex differences in impulsivity depends upon recognizing important distinctions between sensation seeking and impulsivity, between executive and effortful forms of control, and between impulsivity as a deficit and as a trait.