Roma Identity as an Expert-Political Construction
Roma Identity as an Expert-Political Construction
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罗姆人身份作为政治建构专家
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Kovats
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Surdu;M. Kovats
欧盟国家罗姆人融合战略框架（2011年）的制定标志着罗姆人身份政治化的重要一步，确保了明确针对罗姆人的倡议、项目和计划数量的进一步增加。该框架本身是一个从后共产主义转型开始的进程的一部分，这一进程产生了历史上前所未有的罗姆人政治活动水平，同时也出现了以罗姆人身份为重点的国家和跨国政策举措。在试图解释这一当代政治现象时，文章认为，罗姆人是由政策制定者、罗姆活动家、国际组织和学者等不同行为者在政治和专业知识的交叉点上构建的一种身份。这种政治专家身份适用于不受共同语言、宗教、文化习俗、地理位置、职业、外表或生活方式限制的群体。本文探讨了如何将不同的人口整合为一个概念上的政治共同体，并建立在具有数百年历史的吉普赛遗产的基础上。它仔细审查了五种识别实践，这些实践促进了当今罗姆人作为认知对象和政策目标的长期发展：警察对特定社区的概况分析；行政调查；罗姆人的激进主义；针对罗姆人的政策；定量科学研究。文章认为，罗姆人身份政治化正在发生的当代经济和政治条件解释了民族框架的意识形态和制度建设如何倾向于加强对罗姆人的排斥，从而增加了对罗姆人政策举措的必要性。一个自我维持的循环已经形成，罗姆人的知识发现了需要政策反应的罗姆人问题，从而产生更多的罗姆人知识、更多的需求和更多的政策反应。然而，将罗姆人描述为既存在问题又与其他人本质上不同的人，将公共言论种族化会产生后果。许多州对罗姆人的敌意有所增加，这表明专家对罗姆人群体的界定通过使罗姆人与其同胞脱节和疏远而影响了社会团结。
The creation of an EU Framework for national Roma integration strategies (2011) marks a significant step in the politicisation of Roma identity by ensuring a further increase in the number of initiatives, projects and programmes explicitly targeting Roma. The Framework itself is part of a process that began with postcommunist transition and which has produced historically unprecedented levels of Roma political activism along with a proliferation of national and transnational policy initiatives focussed on Roma identity. In seeking to explain this contemporary political phenomenon, the article argues that Roma is an identity constructed at the intersection of political and expert knowledge by various actors, such as policymakers, Romani activists, international organizations and scholars. This political-expert identity is applied to groups that are not bounded by a common language, religion, cultural practice, geographic location, occupation, physical appearance or lifestyle. The article explores how this collation of disparate populations into a notional political community builds upon a centuries-old Gypsy legacy. It scrutinizes five strands of identification practices that have contributed to the longue duree development of today’s Roma as an epistemic object and policy target: police profiling of particular communities; administrative surveys; Romani activism; Roma targeted policies; quantitative scientific research. The article argues that the contemporary economic and political conditions amidst which the politicisation of Roma identity is occurring explain how the ideological and institutional construction of the ethnic frame tends toward the reinforcement of the exclusion of those categorised as Roma, thus increasing the perceived need for Roma policy initiatives. A self-sustaining cycle has been created where Roma knowledge identifies Roma problems requiring a policy response, which produces more Roma knowledge, more needs and more policy responses. Yet, there are consequences to racialising public discourse by presenting Roma as both problematic and essentially different from everyone else. Hostility towards Roma has increased in many states indicating that the expert framing of Roma groupness affects social solidarity by disconnecting and distancing Roma from their fellow citizens.