Southern High-Latitude Plant-Insect Interactions from the Miocene of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Southern High-Latitude Plant-Insect Interactions from the Miocene of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
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DOI：
10.1086/714285
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发表时间：
2021-07
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
M. Gandolfo;María C. Zamaloa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Gandolfo;María C. Zamaloa
研究的优先权。中新世蓬塔Basílica层（阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚火地岛东北部）保存了丰富的昆虫食草痕迹的植物群。在这里，我们记录了它的昆虫损害，并将其与来自阿根廷西北部（低纬度圣何塞和帕洛平塔多）和新西兰（高纬度欣东马尔）的三个中新世植物群进行比较。此外，比较中新世Nothofagus在蓬塔Basílica植物群和新西兰欣东马尔，双山，Kaikorai植物群观察到的虫害。方法论植物-昆虫相互作用的照片和确定的209个化石叶收集在蓬塔Basílica的地方。叶进行普查的存在/不存在的功能性喂养类型。初步结果。6个功能性摄食组和26种损害类型（DT）被确认：孔（7 DT）和边缘（5 DT）喂养，寄生虫化（6 DT），刺穿和吸吮（2 DT），采矿（3 DT），和擦伤（3 DT）。假法甲属是古植物群中受影响最严重的成员两个低纬度的古植物区系相比，有较低的百分比受损的叶子比高纬度的，孔和边缘喂养，采矿，并在所有的植物区系被确认。孔和边缘喂养和Nothofagus叶上被确认，是最常见的功能性喂养组;孔喂养的Nothofagus是更突出的欣东马尔和Kaikorai比双山和蓬塔巴西利卡。此外，来自欣东马尔和蓬塔巴西利卡的Nothofagus标本有采矿的证据，而磨损只在新西兰的叶子上观察到。蓬塔Basílica Nothofagus标本是唯一的穿刺和吸吮。结论.世界上最南端的中新世食叶动物记录和阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的第一个记录非常丰富，其中包括几个功能性摄食群，这些类群也在南半球其他中新世古植物群中观察到。显然，多种生物和非生物因素解释了食叶性强度的差异。这份报告的证据需要进一步研究在高纬度植物区系的草食动物。
Premise of research. The Miocene Punta Basílica Beds (northeast of Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, Argentina) preserved a flora rich in insect herbivory traces. Here we document its insect damage and compare it with three Miocene floras from northwestern Argentina (low-latitude San José and Palo Pintado) and New Zealand (high-latitude Hindon Maar). In addition, comparisons are established for insect damage observed on Miocene Nothofagus in the Punta Basílica flora and the New Zealand Hindon Maar, Double Hill, and Kaikorai floras. Methodology. Plant-insect interactions were photographed and determined for 209 fossil leaves collected at the Punta Basílica locality. Leaves were censused for the presence/absence of functional feeding types. Pivotal results. Six functional feeding groups and 26 damage types (DTs) were recognized: hole (seven DTs) and margin (five DTs) feeding, skeletonization (six DTs), piercing and sucking (two DTs), mining (three DTs), and galling (three DTs). Nothofagus spp. are the most affected members of the paleoflora. Both of the low-latitude paleofloras compared have lower percentages of damaged leaves than the high-latitude ones; hole and margin feeding, mining, and skeletonization are recognized at all floras. Hole and margin feeding and skeletonization are recognized on Nothofagus leaves and are the most common functional feeding groups; hole feeding on Nothofagus is more prominent at Hindon Maar and Kaikorai than at Double Hill and Punta Basilíca. Additionally, Nothofagus specimens from Hindon Maar and Punta Basílica have evidence of mining, whereas galling is observed only on the New Zealand leaves. The Punta Basílica Nothofagus specimens are the only ones with piercing and sucking. Conclusions. Southernmost Miocene records of leaf herbivory worldwide and the first record from Argentine Patagonia are rich and comprise several functional feeding groups also observed in other Miocene paleofloras from the Southern Hemisphere. Clearly, multiple biotic and abiotic factors explain differences in the intensity of folivory. This report evidences the need for additional studies on herbivory at high-latitude floras.