Global agriculture as an energy transfer system and the energy yield of world agriculture 1961-2013
Global agriculture as an energy transfer system and the energy yield of world agriculture 1961-2013
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作为能源转移系统的全球农业和 1961-2013 年世界农业的能源产量
DOI：
10.1002/ep.12799
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Barnett, Barbara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boss, Stephen K.;Montana, Quinn;Barnett, Barbara
全球农业系统是一个能量转移系统，通过光合作用和动物新陈代谢将太阳辐射转化为生物圈中储存的化学能。农业系统中储存的能量主要以碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和油的形式存在，人类将它们用作食物、纤维和燃料。全球农业总产量是使用联合国粮食及农业组织从1961年到2013年的数据制作的表格。利用已发表的近似分析(水分%、蛋白质%、碳水化合物%、脂肪/脂肪%和灰分%)，将每个农业项目的年农业生产量(T−1)转换为能量产量(KJ y−1)。1961年至2002年期间，全球农业能源产量呈线性增长。从2002年起，全球农业能源产量也呈线性增长，但增长速度是1961-2002年的2倍。总体而言，从1961年到2013年，农业能源产量增加了两倍多。不出所料，全球农作物的能量输出占主导地位，平均占总能量输出的85.5 ± 0.4%。畜禽生产平均占年农业能源产出的13.6 ± 0.4%，而世界渔业和水产养殖平均占全球能源产出的0.8 ± 0.1%。从1961年到2013年，全球农业能量产量的饲养潜力超过人类代谢能需求的平均倍数为2.1 ± 0.18。因此，农业生产足以养活“全球之嘴”到未来，养活世界人口本身并不是一个生产问题。相反，全球农业无法满足世界范围内的粮食需求，其原因是与大量全球食物浪费有关的系统性能量损失、将食物能量作为畜禽饲料的转移以及初级农业产出被挪用于生物燃料合成。©2017美国化学工程师学会环境规划，37：108-121,2018
The global agricultural system is an energy transfer system converting solar radiation to stored chemical energy in the biosphere through photosynthesis and animal metabolism. Stored energy in the agricultural system is principally in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils that humanity appropriates for food, fiber, and fuel. The total annual production of global agriculture was tabulated using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization from 1961 to 2013. Annual agricultural production for each agricultural item (T y−1) was converted to energy yield (kJ y−1) utilizing published proximate analyses (% moisture, % protein, % carbohydrate, % fat/lipid, and % ash). Global agricultural energy yield grew linearly over the 1961–2002 interval. From 2002 onward, global agricultural energy yield also grew linearly, but at a rate 2 times the 1961–2002 rate. Overall, agricultural energy yield more than tripled from 1961 to 2013. Unsurprisingly, energy output of global crops dominated, averaging 85.5 ± 0.4% of total energy output. Livestock and poultry production averaged 13.6 ± 0.4% of annual agricultural energy output, while world fisheries and aquaculture averaged 0.8 ± 0.1% of global energy output. From 1961 to 2013, the feeding potential of global agricultural energy yield exceeded the human metabolic energy requirement by an average multiple of 2.1 ± 0.18. Thus, agricultural production is more than sufficient to feed “The Global Mouth” into the future, and feeding world population is not a production problem per se. Instead, the inability of global agriculture to meet worldwide food requirements results from systemic energy losses associated with significant global food waste, diversion of food energy as feed to livestock and poultry, and appropriation of primary agricultural output for biofuels synthesis. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 108–121, 2018