Breeding and Cereal Yield Progress
Breeding and Cereal Yield Progress
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DOI：
10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0564
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Edmeades, Gregory O.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fischer, R. A. (Tony);Edmeades, Gregory O.
本文回顾了小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.)、水稻 (Oryza sativa L.) 和玉米 (Zea mays L.) 产量的最新进展，这些进展是在大多数有利环境中进行的大量育种努力所取得的，并探讨了其生理基础。育种和农艺改良提高了潜在产量（PY），即在缺乏可管理的非生物和生物胁迫的情况下，最佳品种和管理的产量，PY的增加是农场产量（FY）进步的关键组成部分，另一个组成部分是缩小PY与FY之间的差距。我们回顾了几个主要产区的 PY 和 FY 变化，即小麦的英国和墨西哥亚基谷、水稻的日本和菲律宾中部吕宋岛、以及玉米的爱荷华州和撒哈拉以南非洲地区。 PY 增长率已经下降，目前每年通常不超过 1%，而且通常要低得多。财政年度随时间的变化轨迹通常与年度的轨迹非常相似，但尤其是在发展中国家，仍然存在巨大的产量差距。至少在一个例子中（爱荷华州的玉米），PY 和 FY 之间的差距似乎正在迅速缩小。当前的遗传进展与生物量积累的增加有关，考虑到收获指数（HI）增加的限制，这仍将是未来的发展方向。有证据表明，最近的进展与开花前和开花前后光合作用的增加有关（例如，冠层水平上更高的辐射利用效率（RUE）和/或叶水平饱和辐照度下的最大光合速率P-max）。没有任何理论上的理由可以解释为什么这种趋势不能持续下去，特别是考虑到每种作物物种中已经发现了大量的遗传资源。然而，实现这一目标并不容易或成本低廉，因此尽管有新的分子工具和相反的说法，但潜在产量增长率更高的前景似乎有限。因此，缩小收益率差距变得更加重要。这涉及许多因素，但育种也可以帮助农民实现这一目标，例如通过提高寄主植物的抗性。
This paper reviews recent progress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) yields resulting from substantial breeding efforts in mostly favorable environments and examines its physiological basis. Breeding and improved agronomy lift potential yield (PY), namely yield with the best variety and management in the absence of manageable abiotic and biotic stresses, and PY increase is a key component of progress in farm yield (FY), the other component being closure of the PY to FY gap. Changes in PY and FY are reviewed for several key production regions, namely the United Kingdom and the Yaqui Valley of Mexico for wheat, Japan and Central Luzon in the Philippines for rice, and Iowa and briefly sub-Saharan Africa for maize. The PY growth rates have fallen and are currently generally no more than 1% per annum and usually much less. The trajectory of FY with time often closely parallels PY, but especially in developing countries, there remain large yield gaps. In at least one instance (maize in Iowa) the gap between PY and FY appears to be closing rapidly. Current genetic progress is linked to increased biomass accumulation, and this will remain the way forward in the future given the limits to increased harvest index (HI). There is evidence that recent progress is related to increased photosynthesis (e.g., greater radiation use efficiency (RUE) at the canopy level and/or maximum photosynthetic rate P-max at saturating irradiance at the leaf level) before and around anthesis. There is no theoretical reason why this trend cannot continue, especially given the vast genetic resources already found within each crop species. However, it will not be easily or cheaply accomplished, so prospects for higher rates of potential yield growth appear to be limited, notwithstanding new molecular tools and claims to the contrary. Closing the yield gap, therefore, becomes more important. Many factors are involved, but breeding can also help farmers achieve this through, for example, improved host plant resistance.