Being international in times of war: Arthur Sweetser and the shifting of the League of Nations to the United Nations
Being international in times of war: Arthur Sweetser and the shifting of the League of Nations to the United Nations
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战争时期的国际化：阿瑟·斯威瑟和国际联盟转向联合国
DOI：
10.1080/13507486.2018.1439890
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Isabella Löhr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Herren;Isabella Löhr
摘要在理解现代民族国家的全球维度时，跨国行为者越来越多地浮出水面。从现代国家人员的多样性及其与私人和半私人行为者或具有跨国影响力的机构的许多交叉点来思考现代国家，新的外交史承认国家在跨界机构中的嵌入性。被概念化的“网络外交”既抓住了跨国认知社区在制定特定政策领域中的作用，也抓住了外交官作为跨国举措不可分割的一部分的观念。本文以国际联盟为例，分析了该组织的工作人员是如何试图阐明网络外交的理念，并使他们暴露在跨国公民社会、国家政治和国际机构的交叉点上，从而影响政治变革的。我们关注的是亚瑟·斯威瑟（1888-1968）的跨国职业生涯，他作为记者、阿盟秘书处的长期成员、联合国工作人员和美国政府，站在发展超越机构授权的外交实践新技术的最前沿。Sweetser的轨迹使我们能够通过探讨涉及国家实践、国际机构和个人跨境机构的多层次谈判过程来阐明网络外交的机制。将他描述为跨国的，使人们能够将他的移动的轨迹与一个特定的行动范围联系起来，这个行动范围超越了民族国家的政治划界及其既定的统治和外交逻辑。我们进一步阐明了外交惯例的主要特征，这种外交惯例在形式上并不存在，但对于将联盟的原则、惯例和人员移交给新的联合国至关重要。
Abstract Transnational actors are increasingly surfacing when it comes to understanding the global dimensions of the modern nation-state. Thinking of the modern state from the diversity of its personnel and its many intersections with private and semi-private actors or institutions with a transnational reach, the new diplomatic history acknowledges the embeddedness of states in border-crossing agencies. What has been conceptualized as ‘network diplomacy’ grasps both the role of transnational epistemic communities for the making of particular policy fields and the perception of diplomats as an integral part of transnational initiatives. Taking the League of Nations as a case study, this article analyses how its personnel attempted to spell out ideas of network diplomacy and to make their exposed position at the intersection of transnational civil society, state politics and international institutions work to effect political change. We focus on the transnational career of Arthur Sweetser (1888–1968) who, as a journalist, a long-term member of the League secretariat, the UN staff and the US administration, was at the forefront of developing new techniques of diplomatic practices beyond institutional mandates. Sweetser’s trajectory allows us to illuminate the mechanisms of network diplomacy by probing into multi-layered negotiation processes that engaged state practices, international institutions and the border-crossing agency of individuals. Characterizing him as transnational enables one to interlink his mobile trajectory with a particular scope of action that unfolded beyond the political demarcation of the nation-state and its instituted logics of rule and diplomacy. We further carve out the main features of a diplomatic practice that was formally non-existent yet crucial to the transfer of League principles, practices and personnel to the new United Nations.
国际体系网络化：国际组织的全球历史
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-04211-4
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Herren;Madeleine
通讯作者：
Madeleine
国际组织与发展，1945-1990
DOI：
10.1057/9781137437549
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kunkel;C. R. (Eds.)
通讯作者：
C. R. (Eds.)