Fish-Seaweed Interactions on Coral Reefs : Effects of Herbivorous Fishes and Adaptations of Their Prey
Fish-Seaweed Interactions on Coral Reefs : Effects of Herbivorous Fishes and Adaptations of Their Prey
复制标题
珊瑚礁上的鱼-海藻相互作用：草食性鱼类的影响及其猎物的适应
DOI：
10.1111/jfb.13071
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
M. Hay
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Hay
97放牧），小丝状藻类的基部（由于生长速度快，在放牧后恢复得非常快），以及化学或结构防御的大型植物（相对于细丝或不设防的大型植物，它们是低偏好食物）尽管大多数热带珊瑚礁上的海藻生物量较低，这些藻类极高的生长速度使浅礁成为地球上最具生产力的栖息地之一;这种巨大的生产力大部分被当地的食草动物消耗掉了（Hatcher和Larkum，1983年; Carpenter，1986年），因此立即纳入珊瑚礁群落。由于珊瑚礁的高生产力和珊瑚礁许多部分的生产和消费之间的紧密耦合，珊瑚礁上的植物-草食动物相互作用可能是影响整个群落结构的最重要的相互作用之一。除了20世纪60年代和70年代的极少数开创性论文（Randall，1961 b，1965; Ogden等人，1973年），最严格的调查海藻草食动物的相互作用的珊瑚礁已在过去十年内出版。尽管研究时间很短，但我们对珊瑚礁群落中食草动物（特别是鱼类）的作用以及海藻如何适应食草动物的攻击的理解已经取得了巨大进展。草食性鱼类对珊瑚礁的分布和丰富程度有着深远的影响，它们的放牧率等于或超过了任何其他栖息地，无论是陆地还是海洋。由于食草动物，包括鱼类，似乎是限制氮，而不是碳（马特森，1980年;霍恩，1989年），因为海藻是低氮相对于鱼类组织，鱼类可能需要消耗许多倍的最低碳需求，以获得足够的氮。例如，Hatcher（1981）估计大堡礁上的食草鱼类消耗的碳比满足其基本代谢需求所需的碳多10倍。大量的草食性鱼类，加上它们的高代谢率（相对于许多无脊椎草食动物）和它们需要处理大量的植物材料以获得足够的营养，要求鱼类对珊瑚礁海藻有很大的影响。大量的实验研究已经证明了珊瑚鱼对现今海藻的深远影响
97 from grazing), the basal portions of small filamentous algae (which recover very rapidly following grazing because of their rapid growth rates), and chemically or structurally defended macrophytes (which are low-preference foods relative to the filaments or undefended macrophytes) Despite the low biomass of seaweeds on most tropical reefs, the extremely high growth rates of these algae make shallow reefs among the most productive habitats on earth; most of this tremendous productivity is consumed by local herbivores (Hatcher and Larkum, 1983; Carpenter, 1986) and is thus immediately incorporated into the reef community. Because of the high productivity of coral reefs and the tight coupling between production and consumption on many portions of reefs, plant-herbivore interactions on reefs may be among the most important interactions affecting community structure as a whole. With the exception of a very few seminal papers in the 1960s and 1970s (Randall, 1961b, 1965; Ogden et al., 1973), the most rigorous investigations of seaweed-herbivore interactions on reefs have been published within the last decade. Despite this short period of study, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the role of herbivory (especially by fishes) in coral-reef communities and of how seaweeds have adapted to attack by herbivores. Herbivorous fishes have a profound impact on the distribution, abundance, on these portions of coral reefs equals or exceeds grazing rates for any other habitat, either terrestrial or marine. Because herbivores, including fishes, appear to be limited by nitrogen rather than carbon (Mattson, 1980; Horn, 1989), and because seaweeds are low in nitrogen relative to fish tissues, fishes probably need to consume many times their minimal carbon requirements to acquire sufficient nitrogen. As one example, Hatcher (1981) estimated that herbivorous fishes on the Great Barrier Reef consumed up to 10 times more carbon than was needed to meet their basic metabolic requirements. The great abundance of herbivorous fishes, coupled with their high metabolic rate (relative to many invertebrate herbivores) and their need to process large mounts of plant material to acquire adequate nutrition, mandates that fishes have a large impact on reef seaweeds. Numerous experimental studies have documented the profound effect that reef fishes have on present-day seaweeds