Glutamate transport and storage in synaptic vesicles.
Glutamate transport and storage in synaptic vesicles.
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DOI：
10.1254/jjp.77.1
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发表时间：
1998-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Eric D. Özkan;Tetsufumi Ueda;T. Ueda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eric D. Özkan;Tetsufumi Ueda;T. Ueda
谷氨酸在几乎所有脊椎动物细胞中起着重要的代谢作用。谷氨酸是脊椎动物中枢神经系统中最常见的兴奋性神经递质。因此，近年来已经系统地研究了谷氨酸从其正常代谢活动转向其作为神经递质的作用的机制。在谷氨酸能神经末梢中，突触囊泡积累并储存一定比例的细胞谷氨酸池，并响应于适当的信号，通过胞吐作用将谷氨酸释放到突触间隙中。谷氨酸积累是通过突触囊泡膜上的谷氨酸摄取系统完成的。摄取系统由转运蛋白和液泡型H+-ATP酶组成，转运蛋白对谷氨酸具有显著特异性，H +-ATP酶提供ATP水解和谷氨酸转运之间的偶联。谷氨酸转运蛋白和H+-ATP酶的确切作用方式目前仍有争议。最近的数据有关这一争论在这篇文章中进行了审查。此外，被认为是专门与囊泡谷氨酸转运蛋白相互作用的药物进行了讨论。最后，一个新发现的，内源性抑制剂的囊泡吸收，抑制蛋白因子（IPF），讨论了一些猜测，其潜在的作用作为突触前神经传递的调制器。
Glutamate plays an important metabolic role in virtually every vertebrate cell. In particular, glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. As such, the mechanism by which glutamate is diverted from its normal metabolic activities toward its role as a neurotransmitter has, in recent years, been systematically investigated. In glutamatergic nerve endings, synaptic vesicles accumulate and store a proportion of the cellular glutamate pool and, in response to appropriate signals, release glutamate into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis. Glutamate accumulation is accomplished by virtue of a glutamate uptake system present in the synaptic vesicle membrane. The uptake system consists of a transport protein, remarkably specific for glutamate, and a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, which provides the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and glutamate transport. The precise manner in which the glutamate transporter and H+-ATPase operate is currently the subject of debate. Recent data relevant to this debate are reviewed in this article. Additionally, pharmacological agents thought to specifically interact with the vesicular glutamate transporter are discussed. Finally, a newly discovered, endogenous inhibitor of vesicular uptake, inhibitory protein factor (IPF), is discussed with some speculations as to its potential role as a presynaptic modulator of neurotransmission.