The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans.
The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans.
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DOI：
10.3109/08830189809043004
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发表时间：
1998-01-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Del Prete, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Del Prete, G
在小鼠和人类中，功能不同的辅助性T(Th)细胞亚群，即Th1和Th2细胞，以它们产生的细胞因子模式为特征。这两种极化形式的特异性细胞免疫反应不仅为解释不同类型的保护，而且为解释几种免疫病理疾病的致病机制提供了一个有用的模型。Th1或Th2反应极化的发展取决于环境因素，包括抗原的剂量、免疫原的性质和抗原呈递时的细胞因子(IL-12和干扰素或IL-4)，或者取决于个体遗传背景中的其他未知因素，主要是在所谓的自然免疫水平上。Th1主导的反应在根除感染性病原体方面潜在有效，包括那些隐藏在宿主细胞内的病原体。当Th1应答效果不佳或持续时间过长时，可能会对宿主造成损害。相反，Th2反应显然不足以抵御大多数感染性病原体，但可以提供一些抵御寄生虫的保护。Th2细胞能够使寄生虫在宿主中的生活变得不愉快，并倾向于限制潜在有害的Th1介导的反应。因此，Th2细胞可被视为过度和/或不适当Th1反应的下调机制的一部分。Th1/Th2范式应用于慢性炎症性疾病或自身免疫性疾病的研究，使人们能够理解许多疾病是由Th1细胞介导的，最明显的两个例子是多发性硬化症和甲状腺自身免疫。在其他疾病中，Th1/Th2极化不那么突出，或者更确切地说，Th2反应往往占主导地位，如系统性红斑狼疮、进行性系统性硬化症或过敏性疾病。值得注意的是，在动物的实验模型中，通过将免疫反应从Th1切换到Th2或从Th2切换到Th1，可以预防一些疾病。此外，Th1/Th2的概念表明，通过调节Th1或Th2型细胞因子的相对贡献，可以调节免疫保护和免疫病理之间的平衡，以及某些免疫疾病的发展和/或严重程度。
In both mice and humans, functionally distinct helper T (Th)-cell subsets, known as Th1 and Th2 cells, are characterized by the patterns of cytokines they produce. These two polarized forms of the specific cellular immune response provide a useful model for explaining not only the different types of protection, but also the pathogenic mechanisms of several immunopathological disorders. The development of polarized Th1 or Th2 responses depends on either environmental factors, including dose of antigen, nature of immunogen and cytokines (IL-12 and interferons or IL-4) at the time of antigen presentation, or other undefined factors in the individual genetic background, mainly at level of the so-called "natural immunity". Th1-dominated responses are potentially effective in eradicating infectious agents, including those hidden within the host cells. When the Th1 response is poorly effective or exhaustively prolonged, it may result in host damage. In contrast, Th2 responses are apparently insufficient to protect against the majority of infectious agents, but can provide some protection against parasites. Th2 cells are able to make unpleasant the life of parasites in the host and tend to limit potentially harmful Th1-mediated responses. Thus, Th2 cells may be regarded as a part of down regulatory (or suppressor) mechanism for exaggerated and/ or inappropriate Th1 responses. The Th1/Th2 paradigm applied to the study of chronic inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases allowed to understand that a number of diseases are mediated by Th1 cells, the two clearest examples being multiple sclerosis and thyroid autoimmunity. In other disorders, Th1/Th2 polarization is less prominent, or rather Th2 responses tend to predominate, such as in systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis or allergic diseases. It is of note that in experimental models in animals, a number of diseases can be prevented by switching immune responses from Th1 to Th2 or from Th2 to Th1. Moreover, the Th1/Th2 concept suggests that modulation of the relative contribution of Th1- or Th2-type cytokines makes possible to regulate the balance between protection and immunopathology, as well as the development and/or the severity of some immunologic disorders.