Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi.
Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi.
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DOI：
10.3114/sim.2007.57.01
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
16.5
通讯作者：
Spatafora, Joseph W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sung, Gi-Ho;Hywel-Jones, Nigel L;Sung, Jae-Mo;Luangsa-Ard, J Jennifer;Shrestha, Bhushan;Spatafora, Joseph W
冬虫夏草，包括超过400个物种，历史上被分类在棒孢菌科，基于圆柱形子囊，加厚的顶端和丝状子囊孢子，其通常分裂成部分孢子。冬虫夏草的特点是生产发育良好的往往具柄的子座和生态作为节肢动物和Elaphomelae的病原体与属下分类强调的安排，子囊孢子形态和宿主关系。为了进一步完善冬虫夏草和棒孢菌科的分类，基于包括核核糖体小亚基和大亚基在内的5 - 7个位点的分析，估计了162个分类群的系统发育关系（nrSSU和nrLSU），延伸因子1α（tef 1），RNA聚合酶II的最大和第二大亚基（rpb 1和rpb 2）、β-微管蛋白（tub）和线粒体ATP 6（atp 6）。我们的研究结果强烈支持三个棒孢菌科分支的存在，并拒绝了虫草和棒孢菌科的单系性。目前用于冬虫夏草分类的大多数诊断特征（例如，子囊孢子的排列、子囊孢子的碎裂等）不支持作为遗传学信息;与遗传学最一致的特征是基质的质地，色素沉着和形态。因此，我们修订了虫草和棒虫草科的分类，以符合多基因系统发育。根据冬虫夏草（Cordycipitaceae）的模式，确定了冬虫夏草科（Cordycipitaceae）的分类地位。蛹虫草属，包括大多数虫草属物种，具有鲜艳的颜色，肉质子座。本文在Ophiocordycipitaceae Petch的基础上提出了一个新的科Ophiocordycipitaceae，并对其进行了订正。该科的大多数物种产生深色的，坚韧的，柔软的子座，通常具有顶囊尖。新属Elaphocorphia被提议为Ophiocordycipitaceae的一个亚支，该亚支包括寄生于真菌属Elaphocorphia的所有虫草属物种和寄生于节肢动物的一些密切相关的物种。棒枝藻科Clavelitaceae S. S.修订并包括草共生体的核心进化枝（例如，Balansia、Claviceps、Epichloë等），和昆虫病原菌属竹红菌属及其近亲。此外，还提出了与棒孢菌科的草类共生体关系密切的虫草属新属--后虫草属。 S.绿僵菌包括与绿僵菌相关的有性型和其他密切相关的无性型。本文描述了两个新种，并提供了虫草属中已知种的名称列表，包括Elaphocortium、Metacortium和Ophiocortium。
Cordyceps, comprising over 400 species, was historically classified in the Clavicipitaceae, based on cylindrical asci, thickened ascus apices and filiform ascospores, which often disarticulate into part-spores. Cordyceps was characterized by the production of well-developed often stipitate stromata and an ecology as a pathogen of arthropods and Elaphomyces with infrageneric classifications emphasizing arrangement of perithecia, ascospore morphology and host affiliation. To refine the classification of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae, the phylogenetic relationships of 162 taxa were estimated based on analyses consisting of five to seven loci, including the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunits (nrSSU and nrLSU), the elongation factor 1α (tef1), the largest and the second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (rpb1 and rpb2), β-tubulin (tub), and mitochondrial ATP6 (atp6). Our results strongly support the existence of three clavicipitaceous clades and reject the monophyly of both Cordyceps and Clavicipitaceae. Most diagnostic characters used in current classifications of Cordyceps (e.g., arrangement of perithecia, ascospore fragmentation, etc.) were not supported as being phylogenetically informative; the characters that were most consistent with the phylogeny were texture, pigmentation and morphology of stromata. Therefore, we revise the taxonomy of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae to be consistent with the multi-gene phylogeny. The family Cordycipitaceae is validated based on the type of Cordyceps, C. militaris, and includes most Cordyceps species that possess brightly coloured, fleshy stromata. The new family Ophiocordycipitaceae is proposed based on Ophiocordyceps Petch, which we emend. The majority of species in this family produce darkly pigmented, tough to pliant stromata that often possess aperithecial apices. The new genus Elaphocordyceps is proposed for a subclade of the Ophiocordycipitaceae, which includes all species of Cordyceps that parasitize the fungal genus Elaphomyces and some closely related species that parasitize arthropods. The family Clavicipitaceae s. s. is emended and includes the core clade of grass symbionts (e.g., Balansia, Claviceps, Epichloë, etc.), and the entomopathogenic genus Hypocrella and relatives. In addition, the new genus Metacordyceps is proposed for Cordyceps species that are closely related to the grass symbionts in the Clavicipitaceae s. s. Metacordyceps includes teleomorphs linked to Metarhizium and other closely related anamorphs. Two new species are described, and lists of accepted names for species in Cordyceps, Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps and Ophiocordyceps are provided.