Bushmeat networks link the forest to urban areas in the trifrontier region between Brazil, Colombia, and Peru
Bushmeat networks link the forest to urban areas in the trifrontier region between Brazil, Colombia, and Peru
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丛林肉网络将巴西、哥伦比亚和秘鲁三国边境地区的森林与城市地区连接起来
DOI：
10.5751/es-07782-200321
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
R. Nasi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Vliet;M. Quiceno;Daniel Cruz;Lindon Jonhson Neves de Aquino;B. Yagüe;Tatiana Schor;S. Hernández;R. Nasi
最近的研究旨在量化亚马逊城镇的城市消费和贸易。然而，对于城市地区获取丛林肉的不同方式，包括商业和非商业流动，以及这些流动如何有助于将森林与城市生计联系起来，人们仍然知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们定性地描述了巴西、哥伦比亚和秘鲁之间亚马逊三边地区主要城镇丛林肉流的结构和功能，包括物种、集水区、相关利益相关者以及他们活动的动机。我们的研究表明，城市地区的丛林肉贸易存在于一个有组织但无形的商品链下，为大约195人提供了收入来源。丛林肉要么直接从猎人那里卖给城市消费者，要么在主要市场，要么在大排档和餐馆。在哥伦比亚边境，这种贸易是完全不可见的，而在秘鲁和巴西，尽管有规定，丛林肉仍在公开市场上出售。集水区由主要河流组成：沿着亚马逊河，沿着秘鲁的阿塔库利河，沿着秘鲁和巴西之间的贾瓦里河，沿着哥伦比亚的洛雷托亚库河和阿玛卡亚库河以及城郊森林。尽管这种贸易相当地方性（没有商业流动到较大的城镇），但国际跨境贸易是司空见惯的，不顾《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》的规定。城市地区的丛林肉客户主要是非土著居民或混血儿，他们可以负担得起丛林肉作为一顿豪华大餐。相反，城市地区的土著居民不是通过市场获得丛林肉，而是通过他们的社会网络获得，他们与社会网络保持非商业流动，包括即时交换和长期交换机制。虽然丛林肉不再是城市和城郊土著家庭的日常食物，但它可以被称为“节日食品”，指的是用食物来表达文化价值和起源。这些结果突出了在执法活动中区分丛林肉贸易和非商业性丛林肉流动的必要性。的确，尽管这三个国家都禁止丛林肉贸易，但仍允许自给自足。当丛林肉作为礼物获得时，它的消费有助于城市生存，这种模式在亚马逊城市的流动和多地点土著家庭中越来越有特点。
Recent studies have intended to quantify urban consumption and trade in Amazonian towns. However, little is still known about the different ways in which bushmeat is made available in urban areas, including commercial and noncommercial flows, and how those flows contribute to link forests to urban livelihoods. In this study we qualitatively describe the structure and functioning of bushmeat flows in terms of species, catchment area, stakeholders involved, and the motivations for their activity in the main towns of the Amazon trifrontier region between Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. We show that bushmeat trade to urban areas exists under an organized but invisible commodity chain providing a source of income to about 195 persons. Bushmeat is made available either directly from the hunter to the urban consumer, at the main market place, or in food stalls and restaurants. On the Colombian border, the trade is totally invisible, whereas in Peru and Brazil, bushmeat is sold in open markets despite regulations. The catchment area comprises the main rivers: up to Caballococha along the Amazon River, along the Atacuary River in Peru, along the Javari River between Peru and Brazil, and along the Loretoyacu and Amacayacu rivers in Colombia and in periurban forests. Although the trade is rather localized (no commercial flows to larger towns), international transborder trade is commonplace, disregarding Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora regulations. Bushmeat clients in urban areas are mainly nonindigenous or mestizos who can afford bushmeat as a luxury meal. Instead, indigenous people in urban areas do not access bushmeat through the market but rather through their social networks with whom they maintain noncommercial flows including immediate exchange and long-term exchange mechanisms. Although bushmeat is no longer consumed as a daily meal among urban and periurban indigenous families, it constitutes what could be called a "festival food," referring to the use of food to express cultural values and origin. These results highlight the need to differentiate bushmeat trade and noncommercial flows of bushmeat in law enforcement activities. Indeed, although bushmeat trade is banned in all three countries, subsistence use is allowed. Bushmeat consumption contributes to urban subsistence when it is obtained as a gift, and this pattern is increasingly characteristic among mobile and multisited indigenous households in urban Amazon.