The design innovation spectrum: An overview of design influences on innovation for manufacturing companies
The design innovation spectrum: An overview of design influences on innovation for manufacturing companies
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设计创新谱：设计对制造公司创新影响的概述
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发表时间：
2017
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通讯作者：
D. Harrison
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作者：
Jea Hoo Na;Youngok Choi;D. Harrison
多年来，设计在企业中的作用已经扩大：不再仅仅是提高美学和功能，它现在为促进组织创新做出了重要贡献，使公司能够提高竞争力（Blaich，1988; Brown，2009; Fraser，2009; Gemser，1997; Gorb，1986; Mozota，1990; Neumeier，2008; Press &库珀，2003; Swann & Birke，2005; Trueman & Jobber，1998）。创新设计的影响可以被描述为一个创造性的过程：其结果使公司能够通过使用设计的全方位来提高创新性，包括设计（创建产品的行动），设计策略（设计过程的管理）和企业级设计思维（应用于企业管理的设计哲学和方法）。这在任何组织中都是至关重要的，因为它表明了设计对创新的广泛领域的贡献，在这些领域，创新仍然是世界各地公司高层管理人员的重要议程（Boston Consulting Group，2014; PricewaterhouseCoopers [PwC]，2014），并被认为是成功公司的基本要素（贸易和工业部[DTI]，2006年;汉森和伯金肖，2007年;乔利，2010年;爱，罗珀，杜，2009年;普华永道，2013年a; Tucker，2001）。在这项研究中，设计的广泛作用及其对创新的影响是在制造业的背景下研究的，因为工业的衰落，尽管它的重大贡献，经济增长和提高生活水平（Manyika等人，2012年）。从加拿大、法国、德国、意大利、日本、美国、英国等世界七大发达经济体（G7）的经济动向来看，服务业在国内生产总值（GDP）中所占的比重比制造业有所上升。这种构成变化在英国最为明显，1948年英国制造业的GDP份额在G7中最高（36%正常总增加值-GVA），但在2013年最低，只有10%正常GVA（Banks，Hamroush，Taylor和Hardie，2014）。这种经济不平衡的后果在2008年全球经济衰退期间最为明显，这表明过度依赖服务业会给一个国家的经济造成极大的不稳定，并表明制造业如何有助于稳定和平衡经济（欧洲经济论坛，2009年; Prest，2008年;普华永道，2009年; Temple，2011年）。因此，英国政府越来越意识到制造业对英国经济增长和竞争力的重要性（商业创新和技能部[BIS]，2010 b），制造业创新已成为英国政府和行业日益重要的发展领域（BIS，2011;普华永道，2013 b）。本文以英国制造业公司为例，研究发达国家--或许还有发展中国家--过去曾利用制造业提高经济竞争力，但现在正经历着向其他行业（包括服务业）的转移，展示了设计创新如何帮助制造企业提高创新能力，以获得全球竞争力，提高国民经济。因此，企业提高创新能力是一项重要议程。然而，尽管设计与创新之间存在着相互联系，但更广泛的设计，包括业务层面的设计，（设计产品/服务的行动），战略层面（方法程序）和机构一级（商业的哲学原理）--在英国制造业公司中很少使用（考克斯，2005;大仲马和惠特菲尔德，1989; Livesey和Moultrie，2009; Na和Choi，2012）。这部分是因为设计在创新中的边缘化（Cumming，1998; Freel，2000; OECD/Eurostat，2005）和设计研究中的创新的普遍化（Gemser，Candi，& Ende，2011; Visser，2009）。…
IntroductionThe role of design in businesses has expanded over the years: no longer simply about enhancing aesthetics and functionalities, it now makes a critical contribution to fostering organisations’ innovation, to enable companies to increase their competitiveness (Blaich, 1988; Brown, 2009; Fraser, 2009; Gemser, 1997; Gorb, 1986; Mozota, 1990; Neumeier, 2008; Press & Cooper, 2003; Swann & Birke, 2005; Trueman & Jobber, 1998). The influence of design for innovation can be described as a creative process: its outcome enables a company to increase innovativeness by using the full spectrum of design, including designing (action to create a product), design strategy (management of the design process), and corporate-level design thinking (the philosophy and method of design applied to business management). This is crucial in any organisation as it demonstrates design’s contribution to the extensive areas of innovation where innovation is still an important agenda for top-level managers in companies around the world (Boston Consulting Group, 2014; PricewaterhouseCoopers [PwC], 2014), and is considered an essential element for a successful company (Department of Trade and Industry [DTI], 2006; Hansen & Birkinshaw, 2007; Jolly, 2010; Love, Roper, & Du, 2009; PwC, 2013a; Tucker, 2001).In this research, the extensive role of design and its influences on innovation are studied in a context of manufacturing because of the decline of industry despite its significant contribution for economic growth and raising living standards (Manyika et al., 2012). The economic trend of the world’s seven major advanced economies (G7)-Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the UK-shows an increased proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) for service industries compared with manufacturing industry. This change in composition is most noticeable in the UK where the GDP share of manufacturing was the highest among the G7 in 1948 (36% normal gross value added-GVA) but the lowest in 2013 with only 10% normal GVA (Banks, Hamroush, Taylor, & Hardie, 2014). The consequences of this economic imbalance were most noticeable during the 2008 global economic downturn which showed how the overreliance on service industries can cause great instability in a nation’s economy, and demonstrated how manufacturing can contribute towards stabilising and balancing the economy (EEF, 2009; Prest, 2008; PwC, 2009; Temple, 2011). The UK government is therefore becoming increasingly aware of the importance of manufacturing industry for UK economic growth and competitiveness (Department for Business Innovation and Skills [BIS], 2010b) and innovation in manufacturing has become an increasingly important development area for both the UK government and industry (BIS, 2011; PwC, 2013b). This paper uses UK manufacturing companies as a case study of advanced countries-and perhaps developing countries-which have in the past used manufacturing to boost their economic competitiveness but are now experiencing a shift in focus to other industries, including services, to show how design innovation can help increase innovativeness in manufacturing companies to gain global competitiveness and enhance national economy.The contribution of design for manufacturing companies to increase innovativeness is therefore an important agenda. However, despite the interlinking relationships between design and innovation the wider spectrum of design-including at the operational level (the action of designing products/services), strategic level (the methodological processes), and corporate level (the philosophical principle) of business-is sparsely used in UK manufacturing companies (Cox, 2005; Dumas & Whitfield, 1989; Livesey & Moultrie, 2009; Na & Choi, 2012). This is partly because of the marginalisation of design in innovation (Cumming, 1998; Freel, 2000; OECD/Eurostat, 2005) and the generalisation of innovation in design studies (Gemser, Candi, & Ende, 2011; Visser, 2009). …