Coupling Light in Ion-Exchanged Waveguides by Silver Nanoparticle-Based Nanogratings: Manipulating the Refractive Index of Waveguides
Coupling Light in Ion-Exchanged Waveguides by Silver Nanoparticle-Based Nanogratings: Manipulating the Refractive Index of Waveguides
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DOI：
10.1021/acsanm.2c00438
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发表时间：
2022-04
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Maedeh Aslani;Razieh Talebi;D. Vashaee
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Maedeh Aslani;Razieh Talebi;D. Vashaee
我们报道了离子交换光波导的制备和性能的基础上，嵌入银离子和纳米粒子的低成本的钠钙玻璃。采用热离子交换法，在350 °C下，用不同比例的AgNO 3：NaNO 3熔盐（2：98，4：96和6：94）覆盖玻璃，将银离子嵌入到钠钙玻璃中。采用X射线荧光光谱、紫外-可见光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜对含银纳米粒子的离子交换玻璃进行了表征。结果表明，离子交换玻璃可制成低损耗的光波导。此外，我们评估的折射率的离子交换波导的激光耦合到波导。为此目的，离子交换玻璃涂覆有负载有银纳米颗粒（Ag-AgCl）的氯化银薄膜。当用偏振相干光束照射Ag-AgCl层时，在离子交换玻璃的表面上形成银纳米光栅，同时光束耦合到玻璃中。纳米光栅的线间距决定了离子交换玻璃的有效折射率。虽然我们预期具有最高AgNO 3：NaNO 3盐比例（6：94）的样品具有最大的折射率，但我们的结果表明，具有4%AgNO3的离子交换样品具有最大的有效折射率，这是由于更多的银离子和纳米颗粒在玻璃基质中的渗透。因此，进一步证明了在离子交换波导上使用Ag-AgCl层是将光耦合到波导中并测量其折射率的有效方法。上述耦合技术与易于制造的离子交换波导相结合，为集成光路的应用提供了一个很好的平台。
We report the fabrication and properties of ion-exchanged optical waveguides based on low-cost soda-lime glasses embedded with silver ions and nanoparticles. Using the thermal ion-exchange process, we embed silver ions into soda-lime glasses by covering the glasses with different ratios of AgNO3:NaNO3molten salt (2:98, 4:96, and 6:94) at 350 °C. The ion-exchanged glasses containing silver nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction technique, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy of the surface. It is shown that the ion-exchanged glasses make low-loss optical waveguides. Furthermore, we evaluate the refractive index of ion-exchanged waveguides by laser coupling into the waveguide. For this purpose, the ion-exchanged glasses were coated with a silver chloride thin film loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-AgCl). When the Ag-AgCl layer is irradiated by a polarized coherent light beam, silver nanograting is formed on the surface of the ion-exchanged glass, and the light beam is simultaneously coupled into the glass. The line-space of nanograting determines the effective refractive index of the ion-exchanged glass. Although we expected the sample with the highest ratio of AgNO3:NaNO3salt (6:94) to have the largest refractive index, our results demonstrate that the ion-exchanged sample with 4% AgNO3has the largest effective refractive index, which is due to the penetration of more silver ions and nanoparticles in the glass matrix. Therefore, it is further demonstrated that using a Ag-AgCl layer on an ion-exchanged waveguide is an effective method for coupling light into the waveguides and measuring its refractive index. The mentioned coupling technique in combination with easily fabricated ion-exchanged waveguide has served as an excellent platform for applications in integrated optical circuits.