Seasonal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 in Ningbo, China
Seasonal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 in Ningbo, China
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宁波PM2.5中重金属的季节变化、来源解析及健康风险评价，中国
DOI：
10.4209/aaqr.2018.12.0452
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Yue Wu;B. Lu;Xin-hua Zhu;Aihong Wang;Meng Yang;S. Gu;Xiaoxia Wang;Pengbo Leng;K. Zierold;Xiaohai Li;Ke Kerri Tang;Lan-yun Fang;Ruixue Huang;Guozhang Xu;Lv Chen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yue Wu;B. Lu;Xin-hua Zhu;Aihong Wang;Meng Yang;S. Gu;Xiaoxia Wang;Pengbo Leng;K. Zierold;Xiaohai Li;Ke Kerri Tang;Lan-yun Fang;Ruixue Huang;Guozhang Xu;Lv Chen
为了评估细颗粒物（PM2. 5）中重金属的季节变化、潜在来源和健康风险，于2015年3月至2016年2月在中国宁波采集了PM2. 5样品（n = 96）。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）分析了PM2. 5中的12种重金属（Sb、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Ni、Se、Tl、Al、Be和Hg）。我们使用富集因子和主成分分析/绝对主成分得分（PCA/APCS）来确定这些重金属的来源，并使用美国环境保护署（EPA）的模型来评估对成人和儿童的致癌和非致癌风险。结果显示，PM2.5的年均质量浓度为62.7 µg m-3，超过了中国国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）规定的限值。Pb、Cd和As的年平均浓度分别为57.2 ng m-3、1.5 ng m-3和4.7 ng m-3，均低于NAAQS限值。重金属的总浓度最高发生在冬季，而最低的浓度在夏季观察。富集因子分析表明，Sb、Cd、Pb、Se、As和Tl主要来源于人类活动。此外，PCA/APCS的源解析确定了所研究金属的四个主要来源：燃煤和机动车（46.3%），土壤和建筑粉尘（37.1%），钢铁厂（6.9%）和其他冶炼行业（6.8%）。宁波市重金属的致癌风险在儿童和成人的安全暴露水平之内。然而，总的非致癌风险超过了安全水平（HI = 1.38），这需要进一步研究的空气污染源和控制污染物的措施，在宁波，中国。
In order to assess the seasonal variations, potential sources, and health risks of heavy metals in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PM2.5 samples (n = 96) were collected between March 2015 and February 2016 in Ningbo, China. Twelve heavy metals (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, Tl, Al, Be, and Hg) found in the PM2.5 were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We used enrichment factors and principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) to determine the sources of these heavy metals, and models from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children. Results showed that the average annual mass concentration of the PM2.5 was 62.7 µg m–3, which exceeded the limit specified in the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The average annual concentrations of the Pb, Cd, and As were 57.2 ng m–3, 1.5 ng m–3, and 4.7 ng m–3, respectively, which were below the NAAQS limits. The highest total concentrations for the heavy metals occurred in winter, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in summer. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that the Sb, Cd, Pb, Se, As, and Tl were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Additionally, source apportionment by PCA/APCS identified four major sources for the studied metals: coal combustion and motor vehicles (46.3%), soil and construction dust (37.1%), steelworks (6.9%), and other smelting industries (6.8%). The carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in Ningbo fell within the safe level of exposure for both children and adults. However, the total non-carcinogenic risk exceeded the safe level (HI = 1.38), which warrants further research on sources of air pollution and measures for controlling pollutants in Ningbo, China.