Autism, "Stigma," Disability A Shifting Historical Terrain
Autism, "Stigma," Disability A Shifting Historical Terrain
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DOI：
10.1086/705748
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Grinker, Roy Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grinker, Roy Richard
欧文·戈夫曼 (Erving Goffman) 1963 年关于耻辱的基本讨论在残疾研究和其他领域受到了欢迎和批评。在戈夫曼的互动和非历史分析中，耻辱被认为是人类的自然特征，从而转移了对历史分析的注意力。相比之下，本文认为，耻辱——尤其是围绕“精神疾病”的耻辱——深深植根于现代资本主义的历史偶然结构条件和塑造现代工人理想的个人主义意识形态中。具体来说，我用自闭症及其在美国的商品化案例来展示一种被污名化的“精神疾病”如何与一系列依赖于某些诊断的持续产生的经济利益交织在一起。例如，对美国“自闭症产业综合体”的分析揭示了经济变化如何为一系列有望减少耻辱的做法创造条件；这些包括特殊教育、行动主义/宣传和自我代表。这些发生在向更灵活的就业过渡以及通常与神经多样性相关的技术和艺术技能价值不断增加的背景下。尽管资本主义逻辑继续定义对人格的评价，但近年来，家庭和自闭症自我倡导者已被授权使用各种策略来消除耻辱和疾病，并抵制自闭症作为缺陷综合症的传统定义。
Erving Goffman's 1963 foundational discussion of stigma has been both embraced and critiqued in disability studies and other fields. In Goffman's interactional and ahistorical analysis, stigma was presumed to exist as a natural feature of humanity, deflecting attention away from historical analysis. This article, in contrast, argues that stigma-particularly surrounding "mental illness"-is deeply embedded in historically contingent structural conditions of modern capitalism and ideologies of individualism that shape ideals of the modern worker. Specifically, I use the case of autism-and its commodification in the United States-to show how a stigmatized "mental illness" is intertwined with a range of financial interests that come to depend on the continued production of certain diagnoses. For example, an analysis of the "autism industrial complex" in the United States reveals how economic changes set the conditions for a range of practices that promise to reduce stigma; these include special education, activism/advocacy, and self-representation. These occur in the context of a transition toward more flexible employment and the increasing value of technological and artistic skills often associated with neurodiversity. Despite the fact that a capitalist logic continues to define valuations of personhood, families and autistic self-advocates have been empowered in recent years to use a variety of strategies to decouple stigma and illness and resist conventional definitions of autism as a syndrome of deficits.